GERMAN EPISTOLARY HERITAGE OF IVAN FRANKO AND ITS DOMINANT FEATURES

The epistolary heritage of Ivan Franko contains over six thousand letters. German epistolary correspondence addressed to Vienna, Berlin, Budapest, Heidelberg, Freiburg, Stanislav, Chernivtsi. The author of the article analyzes also the response letters sent to I. Franko. His first letters in German were addressed to Olha Roshkevych. They were written under the strong impression that the epistolary novel “The Sorrows of Young Werther” by J.W. von Goethe had had on I. Franko. The Ukrainian writer’s correspondence with H. Kanner and I. Singer the editors of the weekly newspaper “Zeit” is an evidence of their close cooperation. I. Franko had close professional ties with V. Adler one of the founders and leaders of the Austrian social-democratic party, the editor of Vienna newspaper “Arbeiterzeitung”, as well as with V. Adler’s wife Emma. I. Franko’s correspondence with a prominent Slavic scholar V. Yagic didn’t contain only private matters discussions. The third part of it is totally scientific which actually makes it valuable for researchers. I. Franko’s epistolary works reflect his artistic writer’s style neither in form nor in content. His letters are characterized by the depth of his thought, consistency of his statements, clearness of the sentence constructions, tendency to critical assessments of phenomena and scientific findings.


INTRODUCTION
Epistolary correspondence is an important constituent part of a writer's literary heritage, one of the most significant original sources for the reception of his/her artistic world.It presents scientific interest not only as the material for biography study or investigation of ideas and interrelations of a writer but also serves as an eccentric factor which reflects all the aspects of the writer's spiritual life, peculiarities of his/her individual thinking.Correspondence in comparison with memoirs is more reliable in search of general or detailed information."If literary works of a writer are addressing to everyone, -Zh.Lyahova notices, -in a private correspondence the author often shares his/her sacred thoughts and dreams to the addressee.Then not only the content of a letter but also its manner, tone of converse are important for identification and understanding the writer's personality" [5, p. 3].Despite an eccentric artistic value of epistolary genre the essence of its literary nature hasn't been fully investigated yet.The epistolary correspondence done on the basis of foreign languages is of even greater scientific interest as it requires the knowledge of this or that foreign language.
The theoretical aspects of the epistolary genre were substantiated by V. Bruhnalskyi, R. Hanshynets, S. Skvarchynska, H. Steinhausen and others.They studied questions connected with the history of a letter, its structure, model content, tracing the evolution of epistolary genre from the Roman times to the beginning of the XX century.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Ivan Franko attached great importance to the study of letters.In 1906 he published M. Drahomanov's correspondence.Franko "planned to publish Drahomanov's letters together with the letters of his correspondents, and every correspondence separately adding his own explanations and introductions" [10, p. 3].He used letters in his article about the life of an ethnographer Emil Korytko (? -1839)."… Besides I was lucky enough to get from Lviv antique collector Tomasik quite a big manuscript volume that contained a valid number of the Ukrainian folk songs and a great part of Korytko's correspondence with the contemporary Slavic scientists and writers.This gives me a chance to make Korytko's biography full and detailed comparing to all others available now…" [9, p. 4].Franko emphasized the importance of correspondence when he was writing the biography of Ivan Fedorovych at his son's request."Examining the correspondence Franko noticed that it revealed dark times from 1835 till 1846, activities of the Polish democrats in the 40s and especially the events of 1848 when Ivan Fedorovych was a deputy from Ternopil in Vienna Sejm" [2, p. 167].In his letter to Ahathanhel Krymskyi in February 1894 Ivan Franko pointed out at the importance of the epistolary study of the Ukrainian writers."In general I want to turn your attention to the fact that those things, especially correspondence of our writers, I take into consideration over all other materials.The letters of even small writers can be essential for the history of literature and community, and as for the Ukrainian writers as you know thousands of reasons are being created to veil the mystery over their lives and work.Thus we have different theories which actually we wouldn't even need if we knew in fact what was the push, with whom this writer associated and how he developed.That's why I think that every grain of factual information in such matters moves our literature study forward…" [14, p. 462].In 1908, Franko already published five letters of Ostap Terletskyi in the Publishing House of T. Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv.
The epistolary heritage of Ivan Franko is archived in Taras Shevchenko Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.It contains over six thousand letters.Franko's letters to his relatives, friends, outstanding activists of science and culture were published in 48-50 volumes of the Complete Works of Ivan Franko.Unfortunately, only a small number of letters written in German to the correspondents from Austria and Germany were revealed.A high school student from Drohobych addressed his first letters in German to Olha Roshkevych.In the 48 th Volume of the Complete Works of Franko seven letters to Olha Roshkevych and one to Yaroslav Roshkevych Olha's brother whom Franko was helping with studying were published and translated.The letters of a future writer were full of emotions and sufferings.Studying the life paths of the author of "The Stonecutters" one can conclude that the image of Olha Roshkevych was following Franko all his life.A famous specialist of Slav literature Günter Wytrzens called these letters the best example of Franko's early literary work as a German writer.
It's known that I. Franko was corresponding with Victor Adler (1852 -1918) one of the founders and leaders of the Austrian social-democratic party, the editor of Vienna newspaper "Arbeiterzeitung" and his wife Emma.It's a pity that until now no one of Franko's letters to the Adlers has been revealed.The fact of the mutual correspondence is proved by V. Adler's letter-response to Franko dated July 8, 1898.The editor of "Arbeiterzeitung" complained that Franko's letter from June 16 reached him quite late because it had been in Berlin for nearly three weeks.
V. Adler wrote that he told the deputies from the social-democratic party of Austria about Franko's desire to expose illegal actions during the preparation and actual conducting of the elections in Halychyna.He emphasized the fact that the radical party of Halychyna had to unite with the socialdemocrats as their separation was beneficial only for the badenits.Besides political questions Adler also asked Franko if he had anything for the literary part for his newspaper.
Franko also mentioned Victor Adler in his letters to Mykhailo Pavlyk: "Today I am going to be at Adler's and I will talk with him about your sister's case"."…Today I will talk about that with Adler and right now I am asking you if in the case they cannot give anything, could You yourself give something and how much exactly" [14, p. 355, 362].In both letters they were discussing M. Pavlyk's sister Ann's defense.She was accused of attempted assassination on the policeman's life.Victor Adler promised to find a lawyer and "the local labour party" agreed to pay for her defence.
The fact of Franko and Adler's meeting which was described by Mykola Voronyi is worth mentioning here.The author of memoirs unexpectedly met Franko on one of the streets in Vienna: "… He welcomed me with some cherries and a new magazine.We went to his place.Entering a bit dimmish dwelling (somewhere on the second floor) I was surprised when Franko introducing me to the host, a heavy plump German with a typical physiognomy of a Viennese burger, said: "Victor Adler".Here in Adler's house I got to know the real Franko in whom I fell in love for the rest of my life.
Soon he and Adler started a passionate discussion about Galician peasants' delegation in Vienna.The emperor Franc Josef wasn't polite with them as he didn't even listen to the complaints of the peasants about the trespass at the elections for the Sejm of Galicia.He turned away from them growling out "a dien" and left.The discussion got hotter.Franko an agrarian socialist, the repesentative of the radical peasant party was arguing with the social-democrat, the leader of the urban working class Adler" [4, p. 158].
"Such speeches happened rarely.In this particular case Franko and Adler seemed to outdo themselves, their age, their appearance and throwing off a 40-years weight became young brave lads… I remember that the weight of my sympathy was on Franko's scale of the discussion points, I couldn't stay calm and started to defend Franko's proves in the Ukrainian language against Adler, I mumbled senselessly about individualism of our peasantry, about grain production as the basis of our economic life in certain periods, pointed out at scarring pictures of the famine in Ukraine.Franko translated my argumentation into German.But we didn't persuade Adler.Actually then studying Marx' ideology of economic materialism I was still afraid of betraying my gods…" [4, p. 159].
Emma Adler's letter to Franko is dated according to the assumptions of the member of Academy Vinter 1893.Mrs. Adler is asking Franko to send her the material for the book which she was planning to publish before the Easter holidays.These should be fairytales, poems, different deductive life-stories.In her next letter Emma thanks Franko for his letter-response and expresses her sadness about his wife's illness.In his letter Franko apparently asked the Adlers to help him to stage one of his plays in the Vienna Theater.Emma gave the letter to her husband for further move and from her part recommended Franko to apply in Raimund-Theater as the director there Muller-Huttenbrunn was a decent man and he could assess the situation realistically [15, p. 443].
Franko worked for the Polish and German publications for some time."During that my 40-yearlaterary work I worked a lot to earn my living to say so for the neighbours, in the Polish and German periodicals.Especially in 1886-1890 because of the circumstances I had to devote the major part of my work for the Polish and German periodicals among which the most important were "Przeglad Spoleczny" published by Boleslav Vysloukh and "Kurjer Lwowski" published by Henrik Revakovych in Lviv with whom I worked in 1885-1896, "Prawda" -the weekly edition published by Sventohovskyi in Warsaw, "Kraj" published by Erasm Pilts in Sankt-Peterburg, "Glos" published by Poplavskyi in Warsaw and "Die Zeit" the weekly edition and later the daily newspaper published by Singer and Kanner in Vienna.I noticed a big number of my works in those periodicals that were written in Polish and German and were slowly spreading among some of my countrymen in Halychyna and in Ukraine but they were almost unknown for the majority of our people" [12, p. 34].
Franko's close cooperation with the weekly newspaper "Zeit" is known from his correspondence with the publishers H. Kanner and I. Singer.In the scientific work "Ivan Franko.Beiträge zur Geschichte und Kultur der Ukraine" (Berlin, 1963) there are 146 letters.60 among them were written by Kanner and Singer and 10 by the management of the "Zeit".The period of the correspondence is 1895-1914.
First letters written in September-November 1895 were about publication of some works of Franko in the newspaper as for example the articles "The Peasant Move in Galicia".As it know, the author didn't want to sign it with his name.H. Kanner is emphasizing on the urgency of this speech and plans to publish it before the elections in Halychyna.In one of the next letters Singer informs that the article is going to be printed in the issue from September 21 and asks to send the material about the results of the elections, give the characteristic of the activity of Galicia vicegerent Kazymyr Badeni.Though, this article was published shortened because of the possible confiscation of the newspaper.The publishers of the "Zeit" asked Franko to send to the editing office the critical reviews on some works which could be objective.In September 1895 besides the article about Badeni "Die Bauernbewegung In Galizien" was published in the "Zeit".In a few Kanner and Singer's letters the need of the publication of the articles "Möschen" was mentioned (received May 21, 1896), "Die Freunde des Grafen Badeni" (received June 3, 1896), "Der polnische Bauer" (received August 12, 1897); the article "Galician Peasant" is meant).These facts prove that due to Franko the events of the political life, the plight of Halychyna peasants became known for the wide range of readers in Austro-Hungary.
On the 8 th of December in 1897 the article about Mickiewicz "The Poet of Betrayal" ("Dichter des Verrates") appeared in the magazine "Zeit".It raised the wave of discontent among the adherents of the polish poet's talent.V. Stefanyk described the reaction of the Polish people in his letter to the writer Vatslav Morachevskyi: "...I was about to give Franko your money when he asked me if you demanded it back as other Polish did.Franko wrote the article about Mickiewicz in the "Zeit" and now all the Polish, everyone, are unsatisfied with him!Would you like to put your name in the newspaper of Franko now?" [8, p. 378].The attitude to the criticism on his article Franko expressed in his letter to Baudouin de Courtenay written in the second half of February in 1898: "...As for the situation with Mickiewicz I agree with the opinion of the respected mister that I should have researched it more carefully; especially as all those who criticized my article in my mind (as far as I know this criticism and I know it all) didn't read it at all but learn about it from the Polish newspapers or read it with the prejudice through the patriotic lenses" [13, p. 104].In the weekly newspaper "Zeit" Franko published his article "My Counterfeit" devoted to the explanation of some of his standpoints.
In 1903 I. Franko presented some interesting memories about the origin of the short story "At the bottom" in the article under the title "Wie ich dazu kam?Eine Erinnemng" ("How has it happened?Reminiscence").It's actually a commentary to the published in NN164-185 short story "Der Bodensatz" translated by Karl Helbig.Making an announcement about I. Franko's short story publication the editorship of the weekly newspaper "Zeit" wrote: "The prominent Ukrainian poet and philosopher who has also some influence on the political development of his people depicts in this work modern prison endurance of a young person who got to be the victim of a very true political justice.Ivan Franko revealed truly in his literary works what he experienced himself.So, we are happy of the fact that we can get acquainted our readers who already know this famous and interesting poet from his numerous smaller articles with one of his bigger works" [2, p. 136].
In the August issue of the "Literary-scientific collection of articles" (1904) the short story by I. Franko "Khoma with a heart and without a heart" was published with the following author's note: "This short story shortened and less completed form was written in German and printed in the Sunday addition to the Viennese newspaper "Die Zeit" (p.626 from June 19, 1904) [2, p. 364].Besides the mentioned works the "Zeit" published also Franko's articles "Impossible in the country of impossibilities" (1899), "Tortures in Galicia" (1899), "Peasant strikes in Galicia" (1902).In 1914 Franco gathered works in Polish and German which were not available for the wider range of the Ukrainian readers and published them under the title "Working For the Neighbours".
Franko's correspondence with the editor of the Vienna newspaper "Arbeiterzeitung" led to the appearance of the article "Aus Galizien.Der babylonische Turmbau in Sachen der Bauerwanderung" ("On the occasion of the peasants' emigration from Halychyna") which was published on the 11 th of November in 1892.The author of the article points out the reasons that made peasants emigrate to basis of the characteristic information Yagic wrote the resolution for the Austrian Ministry of Education and in 1906 O. Kobylyanska got her literary scholarship.
Franko's letters to Yagic are penetrated with warmth and sincerity.Their relationship grew into a real creative friendship that many letters prove.Franko addresses to Yagic not only as his student but also as his colleague.Franko writes to Yagic about his health, shares his family tragedy sorrow about the loss of his elder son Andriy who was the biggest helper in the times of illness with him.
A 50-volume edition of the "Collected Works by I. Franko" contains two of his letters to Adolf Atlas a lawyer from Stanislau who translated his works for the German-speaking Ukrainian publication "Ruthenische Revue".Franko highly valued the translation of his "Stonecutters".Though the poet made some corrections and informed the translator about them in the letter from April 30, 1914.Franko's letter to Antal Hermann, a Hungarian ethnographer, the editor and publisher of the Germanspeaking magazine "Ethnologische Mitteilungen aus Ungarn" ("Ethnological Facts from Hungary") is dated January 6, 1895.Franko expresses his regret that he didn't have a chance to meet Hermann in person.Having sent a set of his magazine "Життє і слово" ("Life and Word") Franko hoped to get a set of the "Ethnological Facts" so he could publish his review of it in the Ukrainian magazine.