[1] Abdallah, L., & El-Shennawy, T. (2013). Reducing carbon dioxide emissions from electricity sector using smart electric grid applications. Journal of Engineering, 2013, Article 845051. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/845051

[2] Abokyi, E., Appiah-Konadu, P., Tangato, K. F., & Abokyi, F. (2021). Electricity consumption and carbon dioxide emissions: The role of trade openness and manufacturing sub-sector output in Ghana. Energy and Climate Change, 2, Article 100026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egycc.2021.100026

[3] Amiruddin, A., Dargaville, R., Liebman, A., & Gawler, R. (2024). Integration of electric vehicles and renewable energy in Indonesia’s electrical grid. Energies, 17(9), Article 2037. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092037

[4] Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2010). The emissions, energy consumption, and growth nexus: Evidence from the commonwealth of independent states. Energy Policy, 38(1), 650–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.08.029

[5] Arcos-Vargas, A., Núñez-Hernández, F., & Ballesteros-Gallardo, J.A. (2023). CO2 price effects on the electricity market and greenhouse gas emissions levels: An application to the Spanish market. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 25(3), 997–1014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-022-02421-y

[6] Beckerman, W. (1992). Economic growth and the environment: Whose growth? whose environment?. World Development, 20(4), 481–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(92)90038-W

[7] Bhattarai, M., & Hammig, M. (2001). Institutions and the environmental Kuznets curve for deforestation: A Crosscountry analysis for Latin America, Africa and Asia. World Development, 29(6), 995–1010. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00019-5

[8] Boujan, S., Rongrong, Z., & Ying, Z. (2011). Empirical analysis of Tangshan economic growth and environmental pollution. Energy Procedia, 5, 2392–2396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.411

[9] Chandran, V. G. R., Sharma, S., & Madhavan, K. (2010). Electricity consumption growth nexus: The case of Malaysia. Energy Policy, 38(1), 606–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.10.013

[10] Ciarreta, A., & Zarraga, A. (2010). Economic growth-electricity consumption causality in 12 European countries: A dynamic panel data approach. Energy Policy, 38(7), 3790–3796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.02.058

[11] Coondoo, D., & Dinda, S. (2002). Causality between income and emision: A country group-specific econometric analysis. Ecological Economomics, 40(3), 351–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)002804

[12] Dey, S. R., & Tareque, M. (2020). Electricity consumption and GDP nexus in Bangladesh: A time series investigation. Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies, 27(1), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABES-04-2019-0029

[13] Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: A survey. Ecological Economics, 49(1), 431–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.011

[14] Friedl, B., & Getzner, M. (2003). Determinants of CO2 emissions in a small open economy. Ecological Economics, 45(1), 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00008-9

[15] El Hedi Arouri, M., Ben Youssef, A., M'henni, H., & Rault, C. (2012). Energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions in Middle East and North African countries. Energy Policy, 45, 342–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.042

[16] Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic Growth and the Environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353–377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443

[17] Hossain, M, S. (2011). Panel estimation for CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and urbanization of newly industrialized countries. Energy Policy, 39(11), 6991–6999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.042

[18] International Energy Agency. (2024). Energy system of Indonesia. URL: https://www.iea.org/countries/indonesia

[19] Jafari, Y., Othman, J., & Mohd Nor, A. H. S. (2012). Energy consumption, economic growth and environmental pollutants in Indonesia. Journal of Policy Modeling, 34(6), 879–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2012.05.020

[20] Jamil, F., & Ahmad, E. (2010). The relationship between electricity consumption, electricity prices and GDP in Pakistan. Energy Policy, 38(10), 6016–6025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.05.057

[21] Kasman, A., & Duman, Y. S. (2015). CO2 emission, economic growth, energy consumtion, trade, and urbanization in new EU member and candidate countries: A panel data analysis. Economi Modeling, 44, 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.10.022

[22] Kartal, M. T., Pata, U. K., & Alola, A. A. (2024). Renewable electricity generation and carbon emissions in leading European countries: Daily-based disaggregate evidence by nonlinear approaches. Energy Strategy Reviews, 51, Article 101300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2024.101300

[23] Kijima, M., Nishide, K., & Ohyama, A. (2010). Economic models for the environmental Kuznet curve: A survey. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 34(7), 1187–1201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2010.03.010

[24] Li, F., Dong, S., Li, X., Liang, Q., & Yang, W. (2011). Energy consumption-economic growth relationship and carbon dioxide emissions in China. Energy Policy, 39(2), 568–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.10.025

[25] Li, J., Irfan, M., Samad, S., Ali, B., Zhang, Y., Badulescu, D., & Badulescu, A. (2023). The relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions, economic growth, and health indicators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), Article 2325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032325

[26] Lin, B., & Li, Z. (2020). Is more use of electricity leading to less carbon emission growth? An analysis with a panel threshold model. Energy Policy, 137, Article 111121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111121

[27] Liu, H., & Han, P. (2024). Renewable energy development and carbon emissions: The role of electricity exchange. Journal of Cleaner Production, 439, Article 140807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140807

[28] Mehmood, B., Raza, M., & Pervaiz, M. (2025). Socio-economic development and carbon productivity: A panel data analysis of the world’s largest carbon-emitting countries. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 30(1), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-024-09992-8

[29] Mohapatra, G., & Giri, A. K. (2009). Economic development and environmental quality: An econometric study in India. Management of Environmental Quality, 20(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777830910939480

[30] Narayan, P. K., Narayan, S., & Popp, S. (2010). Does electricity consumption panel Granger cause GDP? A new global evidence. Applied Energy, 87(10), 3294–3298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.03.021

[31] Osobajo, O. A., Otitoju, A., Otitoju, M. A., & Oke, A. (2020). The impact of energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions. Sustainability, 12(19), Article 7965. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197965

[32] Othman, K., Azhar, N. A., Mansor, R., Hashim, N., Ruslan, M. F., & Saharan, M. S. (2025). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Empirical evidence from ASEAN countries. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 9(9), 9315–9331. https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.909000766

[33] Ozturk, I., & Acaravci, A. (2011). Electricity consumption and real GDP causality nexus: Evidence from ARDL bounds testing approach for 11 MENA countries. Applied Energy, 88(8), 2885–2892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.01.065

[34] Peng, S. L., Wu, N. N., & Zhao, G. Q. (2014). Modeling environmental degradation and economic growth of Henan province in recent 25 years. Applied Mechanics and Material, 675-677, 1810–1814. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.675-677.1810

[35] Priyagus, P. (2021). Does economic growth efficient and environmental safety? The case of transportation sector in Indonesia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 11(6), 365–372. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11807

[36] Priyagus, P. (2022). Pola hubungan tingkat kesejahteraan dengan emisi gas rumah kaca sektor rumah tangga di Kalimantan Timur. INOVASI: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan dan Manajemen, 4(18), 848–854. https://doi.org/10.30872/jinv.v18i4.12094

[37] Rehman, A., Rauf, A., Ahmad, M., Chandio, A. A., & Deyuan, Z. (2019). The effect of carbon dioxide emission and the consumption of electrical energy, fossil fuel energy, and renewable energy, on economic performance: Evidence from Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 26(21), 21760–21773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05550-y

[38] Roca, J., & Alcántara, V. (2001). Energy intensity, CO2 emissions and the environmental Kuznets curve. The Spanish case. Energy Policy, 29(7), 553–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00154-3

[39] Rokhmawati, A. (2020). The nexus between type of energy consumed, CO2 emissions, and carbon-related costs. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(4), 172–183. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.9246

[40] Saboori, B., Sulaiman, J., & Mohd, S. (2016). Environmental Kuznet curve and energy consumtion in Malaysia: A cointegrasi approach. Energy Source, Part B: Economic Planning and Policy, 11(9), 861–867. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2012.662264

[41] Say, N, P., & Yucel, M. (2006). Energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Turkey: Empirical analysis and future projection based on an economic growth. Energy Policy, 34(18), 3870–3876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.08.024

[42] Shabani, Z. D. (2024). Renewable energy and CO2 emissions: Does human capital matter?. Energy Reports, 11, 3474–3491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.03.021

[43] Sharif Ali, S. S., Razman, M. R., & Awang, A. (2020). The nexus of population, GDP growth, electricity generation, electricity consumption and carbon emissions output in Malaysia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(3), 84–89. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8987

[44] Soytas, U., Sari, R., & Ewing, B. T. (2007). Energy consumption, income, and carbon emissions in the United States. Ecological Economics, 62(3–4), 482–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.07.009

[45] Ssali, M. W., Du, J., Mensah, I. A., & Hongo, D. O. (2019). Investigating the nexus among environmental pollution, economic growth, energy use, and foreign direct investment in 6 selected sub-Saharan African countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(11), 11245–11260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04455-0

[46] Torras, M., & Boyce, J. K. (1998). Income, inequality, and pollution: A reassessment of the environmental Kuznets Curve. Ecological Economic, 25(2),147–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00177-8

[47] Tran, Q. H. (2022). The impact of green finance, economic growth and energy usage on CO2 emission in Vietnam – A multivariate time series analysis. China Finance Review International, 12(2), 280–296. https://doi.org/10.1108/CFRI-03-2021-0049

[48] Voumik, L. C., Islam, M. A., Ray, S., Mohamed Yusop, N. Y., & Ridzuan, A. R. (2023). CO2 emissions from renewable and non-renewable electricity generation sources in the G7 countries: Static and dynamic panel assessment. Energies, 16(3), Article 1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031044

[49] World Bank Group. (2023). World Bank Group report proposes policies, investments to enable Indonesia to achieve its development and climate goals. URL: https://surl.lu/ejucwx

[50] Wu, P-I. (1998). Economic develoment and environmental quality: Eviden from Taiwan. Asian Economic Journal, 12(4), 395–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8381.00070