In the journal "Karpatskyi kray. Scientific studies on history, culture, tourism" the results of scientific research from history, history of science and technology, art history, cultural studies, geography of tourism may be published.
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WESTERN UKRAINIAN REGION AS A BORDERLAND OF «LOCALS» AND «STRANGERS»: INTERACTION OF DILEMMA
The article examines the phenomenon of the Western Ukrainian region as a borderland for ethnic cultures, identities and communities. The thesis is based on the fact that ethnic and social groups differed not only at the horizontal level in the Western Ukrainian region, but also in various forms of social differentiation - ethnic, political, professional and other differences, which did not coincide, but were relatively independent and gave rise to so-called «various heterogeneity». The research has shown that since ethnic leaders of different and equally static ethnic communities were «parents» and «children» of ethnic origins and different identities, then, of course, they constantly refl ected on issues of their ethnicity, national mythology, history, traditions and customs, common mentality and life challenges. On the other hand, the problem of the impact of multiculturalism within a single space of several typologically distinct cultures that interconnected in a complex relationship on the borders of modern Ukraine is among the least studied. The more we know about the Western Ukrainian region as a frontier of ethnic groups and cultures, the more and more there appears analytical intelligence, journalistic articles and refl ections with a claim to historicity and scholarship, then the obvious are the mistakes of unjustifi ed assumptions, ambitious discoveries, despicable judgments and mystifi cations, since they all differ signifi cantly from historical and political circumstances, and even more so from the system of interethnic being, ethnic representations, and criteria of identity of the people of the frontier.
NATIONAL DEMOCRACY REVOLUTION ON WESTERN UKRAINIAN TERRITORIES (1918– 1923): TO THE PROBLEMS OF CHRONOLOGY
In Ukrainian historiography in recent decades there is a process of serious refi nement, rethinking the chronology of the Ukrainian Revolution as a nationwide process. The approaches to defi ne national revolutionary processes at the beginning of the 20th century such as «national liberation struggles», «national liberation fi ght» become more popular and regard as a separate phenomenon – the Ukrainian Revolution. At their core, and course it is different from the revolution in Russia. At the same time, one can not reject signifi cant mutual interactions between these processes. A signifi cant revision needs to be done about the chronological boundaries that requires to national-democratic revolution in November 2018 in the western Ukrainian lands. It should be considered in the context of the general process of continental European nations struggle for their national liberation and national self-assertion during the First World War. The lower boundary of this process (national liberation struggles in the western Ukrainian lands) and the phenomenon (the national-democratic revolution in November 1918- this interpretation is still used) should not only be united, but also regarded as endless. As the result we consider it possible to use the term «National democratic revolution in the western On the other hand, from such an interpretation of the chronological boundaries of the national-democratic revolution in the western Ukrainian lands there is a need to clarify the boundaries of the Ukrainian Revolution of the second-third decade of the twentieth century. That is because the integral part is the revolutionary events in the western Ukrainian lands of this period as unseparate part of the determine revolution. On the other hand, all these events extend the boundaries of the Ukrainian revolution itself on its national scale. This will contribute to the establishment of a new paradigm for its consideration, as a national liberation. Therefore, it is quite natural to consider the borders of the Ukrainian Revolution for 1914–1923. lands in 1914–1923».
RATINGS OF SACRAL BUILDINGS OF ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS OF IVANO-FRANKIVSK REGION FOR ORGANIZATION OF TOURISM-RECREATION ACTIVITY
The article provides a comprehensive rating of sacred buildings as an integral part of recreational resources of administrative districts on the example of Ivano-Frankivsk region for strategic needs of tourist and recreational activity development. It has been substantiated that the rating of resources is based on fi ve qualifi cation structural features (fragments of religious buildings, separate religious structures, a complex of religious variety buildings, a complex of stylistic structures, monastic complexes). On the territory of Ivano-Frankivsk region there are 73 sacred buildings of national importance and 446 – of local signifi - cance. On the basis of them the coeffi cient of cognitive value is calculated. Typifi cation of districts, various thematic map and schemes has been made. The ratings of the sacred complexes of Ivano-Frankivsk region gives grounds to assert that none of the districts in the region is «generally unique». However, 2 of 14 districts (14,3 %) - Bohorodchany and Kolomyja (both 0.68) - belong to the category of highly-attractive ones. 57,1 % of all (Verkhovyna, Gorodenka, Kosiv, Nadvirna, Rohatyn, Rozhnyativ, Snyatyn and Tysmenytsja) are «average attractive». Galych district (7,1 %) is classifi ed as «low attractive », while Dolyna, Kalush and Tlumach (21,4 %) are «not attractve».
ТRADE PRODUCTS OF THE LIGHT INDUSTRY IN THE OVER DNIEPER UKRAINE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIXTH – THE EARLY XXTH CENTURY
The article deals with the trade in light industry in the Over Dnieper Ukraine in the second half of the XIXth – the early XXth century. Тhe problems of foreign and home trade of Ukraine are described in the system of the all-Russian market. The works of the researchers of economic history regarding to the subject of trade of the given period have been analyzed. It was pointed out that basic products which had a stable demand, The formation and development of the network of permanent and periodic trade, the diversity of trade establishments has been studied. It was established that trading operations of consumer goods were an integral part of economic activity of Ukraine and one of the most important source of getting profi t. They strengthened the state economic security at the external level and they were the instrument of increasing competitiveness of home production. The researches are devoted to the different issues of economic history: the sources of the history of the development of internal trade in Ukraine in the 60th–90-th of the XIXth century; the market and fair trade in Ukraine during the period of capitalism; industrial monopolies; domestic trade in Ukraine in the early 20th century; the role and place of cooperation in internal trade in Ukraine; monopolies in the light and food industry in the late XIXth – the early XXth century; commodity exchange in the Russian Empire. The researches are devoted to the different
GALICIA IN THE CONCEPT OF POLISH MESSIANIC VISION.
In this paper, the idea bases of an interpretation of the Polish messianic vision of Galicia’s «polishness» are proved. Under conditions of modern creation of a nation, the Polish formulated political conceptions about the territory of the Commonwealth of Poland, which should be revived with the armed struggle and cooperation with the metropolitan country (Austria-Hungary). The author stresses that Galicia was viewed in this statement as a national bridgehead before the activation of the mentioned ideas. Especially after fi nishing of «Bach’s reaction» in the Habsburg Empire, the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria became the «Polish Piedmont», that is the centre of national revival. Under conditions of emperor Franz Joseph I’s liberal policy, the Polish statesmen actively inculcated the idea of Galicia’s «polishness». However, the author states, the given events caused the appearance of deep-rooted contradictions between the Polish and the Ukrainians in Galicia, which were characterized with their antagonism even before that. All these circumstances created a unique situation. Galicia, which was always the centre of Ukrainian-Polish interethnic confl icts, became the centre of Ukrainian as well as Polish national revival, which caused interethnic confl icts and fratricidal war at a later date. The Polish politicians, annihilating national interests of Galicia’s Ukrainians, were creating ideological foundations of a messianic conception of «Poland from the sea to the sea», giving one of the leading roles in it to Galicia. The author states Galicia’s role in the Polish messianic vision is one of the main, which, after that, became the basis of conception of Eastern Borderlands (Eastern Kresy) of the Commonwealth of Poland on the boundary of the XIX–XXth centuries by R. Dmowski and J. Pilsudski, who considered this territory as a part of Greater Poland. In fact, the ideologists of Polish messianism mentioned above fully formulated and theoretically proved Galicia’s belonging to the future Polish state. We fi nd it reasonable to reveal, in the sequel, the peculiarities of practical realization of the mentioned scholar statement during 1918–1921.
SUMMER HOLIDAY CAMPS FOR SCHOOL YOUTH (SCHOOL SHELTERS) IN GALICIA IN THE LATE 1930s.
In the late 1930s, 37 mountain tourist shelters for different age groups of population were functioning in Galicia. For the needs of school youth the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education of Poland has approved the Instruction on the maintenance and use of school shelter, aimed at developing the school tourist-local movement. School shelters were organized both in school premises and in specially constructed for these purposes buildings or establishments of tourist associations. The instruction provided for the following caveats, tips or requirements: shelters in the premises of schools, boarding schools remained under the supervision and care of the directorates of educational institutions; shelters located in hotels and tourist centers remained under the tutelage of their leaders. Some comments are given to visitors to the shelters. At the end of the 1930s, in Galicia there were 71 school shelters in 1836 places of 61 lodging, of which half – in the Krakow voivodship. There were 6938 secondary schools and 213 high schools, where 1128,4 and 46,9 thousand pupils studied. One place in the school shelter was 4 educational institutions or 1,56 places per thousand students. Under the most favorable conditions of the period of stay (90 groups at a school vacation time), the institution would have 2 places in a school shelter or 140 beds per 1000 pupils. In the worst case (30 groups per vacation) – three times less. The best situation was in Krakow, the worst – in the Lviv voivodeships. Indicators in other voivodeships corresponded to the Galician index.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE LIFE OF THE CZECH NATIONAL MINORITY IN UKRAINE ON THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION OF 1917–1921.
The source base of the issue is described and systematized. The process of formation of polyethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, including the main tendencies of population growth and resettlement of the largest national minorities of Ukraine at different stages of its development, has been researched. The reasons of the migration of ethnic groups to Ukrainian lands are revealed. A retrospective analysis of the migratory processes of the foreign ethnics and a comparison of the colonization efforts of the governments of the Russian and Austro- Hungarian empires is carried out. The features of industrial employment, social division of labor and social structuring of the Czech national minority of Ukraine are determined. The infl uence of the policy of the imperial government on professional stratifi cation and property stratifi cation of the Czech population is analyzed, and the level of its education is clarifi ed. These indicators were important criteria for understanding the social conditions of non-Ukrainian population, its ethnic identity, the formation of the national elite, the possibilities for self-organization, places in public life, and so on. An important place in the work is devoted to the analysis of the main tendencies of the ethnopolitics of the government of the Russian Empire on the Ukrainian lands, including the political and legal position of the Czech national minority of Ukraine during the First World War. It is noted that the Czech national minority of Ukraine accepted the revolutionary changes that took place at the end of the war in the Russian Empire. The level of political mobilization of the Czech national minority, its attitude towards the formation of the Ukrainian state and participation in the representative and executive power have been determined.
MAGAZINE «RUSSKIJ E’KSKURSANT» AS A SOURCE FOR STUDYING THE HISTORY OF SCHOOL STUDENT EXCURSIONS IN UKRAINE (THE LATE XIXth – THE EARLY XXth CENTURIES).
The article provides a source analysis of the magazine «Russkij e’kskursant», which was published by the Yaroslavl Excursion Commission. The main purpose of the study is to determine its informative potential for studying the history of the student excursion movement in Ukraine with the focus on organizational issues. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the magazine «Russkij e’kskursant» was one of the most popular specialized tourist-excursion publications of the Russian Empire. He went out every month during 1914–1917. The magazine’s pages covered various issues of tourist-excursion life of the whole empire, including in Ukrainian territories. It published articles on the theory and practice of excursions, stories about the trips and planned trips, tips and recommendations for organizing excursions, especially in educational institutions, background information, as well as reviews of new thematic literature. It is established that despite the fact that the magazine «Russkij e’kskursant» was published in Central Russia, it is an important source for the history of the excursion in Ukraine. It contains a lot of diverse information that allows you to form a general idea of the process of organizing student excursions. Thematically it can be divided as follows: planning of walks and trips; material and technical support (travel, accommodation, food, equipment); participation of state authorities, local self-government and public organizations; reference data.
ОСВІТА ЯК ФАКТОР ЗРОСТАННЯ РОЛІ ЖІНОЦТВА В УКРАЇНСЬКОМУ СУСПІЛЬСТВІ (1880-ТІ РР. – ПОЧАТОК ХХ СТ.)
The article deals with education, which has become the main factor in the growth of the role of women in Ukrainian society. It was clarifi ed why the state paid less attention to women’s education than education for men. That motivated the private initiative and led to the establishment of different types of schools for girls. The attention was paid to the differences in educational disciplines and to the amount of knowledge provided by schools for girls compared to schools for boys. It was found out how women’s gymnasia developed. The dynamics of the opening of these educational institutions was studied. The attention is paid to the fact that the need to be educated the girls from middle and upper social strata demonstrated more quickly compared with the lower ones. It was found that the girls did not satisfy the prohibition of university education, and therefore they went to study to Zurich and this was a motivating factor for establishing higher female courses in major Ukrainian cities. The spreading of the institution of women’s education did not remove the need for the existence of elite schools, which were considered institutions of noble ladies. They continued to exist, although democratized in terms of the social origin of their pupils. Particular attention was also paid to the functioning of vocational schools, the growth rates of which signifi cantly increased every decade, as well as the knowledge and practical skills that could be obtained there. Thanks to education, girls started to work in such fi elds as pedagogy, medicine, post, public service, as well as to achieve equal rights in society and electoral rights. Consideration of the spreading of women’s education is carried out with the identifi cation of the attitude of state institutions, the public and individual persons towards the aspirations of girls to acquire education and become full members of society.
TRANSMIGRATION MOVEMENT FROM UKRAINIAN LANDS AND ITS CAUSES (LATE XIXth – EARLY XXth CENTURIES).
The article analyzes the causes, course and consequences of migrations of the peasantry from Ukrainian provinces to the Asian part of the Russian Empire after the peasant reform of 1861 and the beginning of the 20th century. The main attention is paid to highlighting the role of the State Duma in the formation and implementation of state resettlement policy, as well as the activities of zemstvos in this context. It was established that in the parliament, along with unconditional support for the actions of the government, there were also many critics in his address. Deputies in the speeches often emphasized the need for «decisive action» to streamline the transmigration movement. The Ukrainian provincial and district zemstvos carried out systematic work with resettles. It is established that during the period 1896–1914 from Ukraine to Asiatic Russia moved 1 619 520 people. The largest fl ow of migrants (more than 200 thousand) was from Poltava, Chernihiv and Katerynoslav provinces. The small scale of migration from Podillya and Volyn provinces was caused by a number of reasons, in particular the presence of a large number of German colonists, and the departure of the population in the overseas countries. The consequences of the transmigration movement to Siberia and Turkestan were controversial and ambiguous. The social structure of the village has changed, where the number of middle and wealthy groups has increased. At the same time in the steppe region there was a shortage of workers during the harvest. At the same time, the return of a signifi cant proportion of migrants has aggravated dissatisfaction in the peasant environment.
СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН ТА ПРОБЛЕМИ РОЗВИТКУ ТУРИСТИЧНОГО РИНКУ УКРАЇНИ
This article analyzes the main trends of national tourism market development; the authors have made an attempt to identify the leading causes of low index (rating) of competitiveness of the country tourism product and the way of its increasing. They suggest options and effective mechanisms for the withdrawal of Ukrainian tourism from the periphery of the 109 global tourism market to a higher position in the world’s leading ranks. The infl uence of endogenous and exogenous factors on the quantitative and qualitative modifi cation of the structure and the relief of the market was also investigated. Peaks and recessions of its conjunctural fl uctuations were revealed. The dynamics of tourist fl ows by types of tourism were traced and analyzed for the main reasons for their growth decline. Thus, it has been established that there were growth phases in the period between 2000 and 2003, 2006 and 2007, 2011 and 2012, 2016 and 2017 in the segment of «domestic tourism», and there was the phase of decline between 2004 and 2005, 2008 and 2010, 2013 and 2015. As for outbound tourism, it began being formed only in 2004. By this time, the import of tourism services was nothing more than outward migration. Now the situation is somewhat similar, however, outbound tourism does not lose its positions and dynamically develops at least because of more favorable conditions and lower costs for the business itself. The choice of the foreign side becomes evident also in the quality of the domestic tourist product, which by the parameters «what price» is clearly inferior to its direct competitors. But considering the conditions of the game of the market economy, as well as the profi tability of the tourist business, our business people took the initiative and actively joined this business and the market, diversifying their tourism products, creating new proposals, using innovative approaches and technologies in their economic activities. This is also possible due to the expansion of the geography of fl ights, the intensifi cation of land and sea communications, expansion of hotel base, appearing of appropriate venues for business events and different events planning.
MODERN TRENDS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN TERNOPIL REGION.
The current conditions and prospects of tourist activity in Ternopil region are considered. Particular attention is paid to the development of cognitive, sports, castle, medical and recreational, event, and other types of tourism. These types of tourism have the most favorable conditions (climatic conditions, unique natural resources and objects, presence of historical and architectural objects, two powerful sacral centers - Zarvanitsa and Pochayev, wooden old churches, etc.). The above mentioned condition form tourist attractiveness of the territory of the region. Assessment of tourism potential is carried out. It has been revealed that Ternopil region has a powerful natural resource potential. We pay attention to our water resources - the Dniester River, Seret and Zbruch with their canyon-shaped valleys, Rusiliv cascades and the highest in the country plain Dzhurinsk waterfall. The objects of recreation are also ponds and reservoirs. Protected areas contribute to the development of ecotourism on the territory of Ternopil region. Festival tourism is also promising on the territory of the region - every year in Borshchiv, Shumsk, Monastyrysk, Zbarazh and other towns different festivals are held. There are festivals of various types (historical reconstruction, gastronomic, ethnic) that attract ever more tourists from Ukraine and abroad. The entire territory of the region is suitable for the development of those types of tourism based on the use of defense castle and palace complexes.
CREATING NATURE RESERVES FOR PRESERVATION OF THE FOREST ENVIRONMENT IN TERMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM (ON THE EXAMPLE OF IVANO-FRANKIVSK OBLAST).
The article deals with the analysis of natural potential in oblast, great amount of protected areas and objects, including national parks and regional landscape parks, which shows that they are a solid base for intensive development of tourism and recreation in the future. On the basis of the analysis there have been stated the factors preventing from further wider usage of protected areas and objects. Natural reserves, national parks and regional landscape parks bear specifi c possibilities permitting to form the unique educational environment for communication with the local population, which is necessary in the competition conditions existing in preparation of the certain territories for reservation. There have been offered the ways of the improvement of the educational work among the local population by means of specialists’ training, experience exchange between native and international nature reserving organizations. Analysis of protected areas and objects conservation and preservation was made in terms of regions and towns of oblast. The study found that most protected areas are in the lands of the forest fund; in some areas the proportion of protected areas reaches 20%. There have been offered some ways to create a reserve for the expansion of protected areas, improvement of their use for development of recreation and tourism.
ЖІНОЧИЙ ТУРИЗМ: НОВИЙ ТРЕНД ЧИ НЕОБХІДНІСТЬ?
In this article the authors describe a relatively new phenomenon in the tourism industry –female tourism. In recent years, the world has witnessed an intensive growing of the social and cultural role of women because of some economic and political factors, and the impact of the popular culture on our lives as well. Thus, this process of growing role of women has affected the tourism industry. For the last few years women travel statistics has indicated that women consumers now drive the world travel economy. Women earn more, spend more and infl uence all levels of travel industry. Women’s purchasing power in the travel segment has never been higher. Young, old, single, married, widowed and gutsy – they are fueling an explosive growth in travel industry. For a long time, female tourism has been regarded as a new separate type of tourism by foreign scientists. Some scientists have already classifi ed female tourists and highlighted two main types of trips – solo female trips (tours) and trips in small groups. Ukrainian scientists and travel operators have just started the research of this tourism sector. There is very little informa tion on female tourism in Ukrainian scientifi c sources, hence there is a need to study it and put results into practice to develop a new product that will strengthen tourist income. The authors’ research has been build on the works of foreign and domestic scientists and also on the data of travel web sites. The scientists have highlighted the main reasons that motivate women to travel and the major features of female trips. The text of this article is based on detailed analysis of the information sources and the authors’ own observations.
МІЖКУЛЬТУРНА КОМУНІКАЦІЯ В ТУРИЗМІ: ПРОФЕСІЙНО-ПРИКЛАДНИЙ АСПЕКТ
The article reveals the role of intercultural communication in tourism in the context of European integration processes in general and its professional and applied aspect in particular. Tourism development global tendencies are identifi ed on the WTO statistic data analysis basis as well as Ukraine’s tourism issues are indicated. The issues are related to state’s declared challenges to redirection of international tourist fl ows in Ukraine’s favour and inbound tourism dynamics on one hand and to national tourism market integration into world market and low level of established intercultural interactions in national tourism on the other hand. The intercultural communication meaning is analyzed due to close examination of the published articles devoted to the problem. Its professional and applied aspect is considered as the conceptual foundation of tourism activity both in multicultural internal and external surroundings. It creates the ground for establishing interaction between different nations’ representatives at the initial stage and further planning, organization and conducting joint business activity in tourism. Thus, intercultural communication in tourism should be considered as inseparable condition for interaction building in tourism; foundation for transnational tour companies creation and functioning; tourism business operating and activity component; tourism professionals employment in joint ventures; the process of tourists’ learning world cultures. Certain attention is devoted to the implementation of the tasks outlined in the Strategy for the Development of Tourism and Resorts up to 2026, specifi cally to tourism industry quality transformation and its integration into global tourism market. It is suggested that quality industry transformation should be considered in the context of creation effective communication processes between various cultures representatives and future professionals in the sphere of tourism for business activity in multicultural surrounding preparation.
ВПЛИВ МУЗИЧНИХ ФЕСТИВАЛІВ НА РОЗВИТОК ТУРИЗМУ
In this article the factors of infl uence of musical festivals development of tourism in Ukraine are studied in terms of possibility of bringing in foreign and Ukrainian investors for popularization of this industry in the world tourist market. There is considerable strengthening of activity of young and experimental representatives of musical sphere on the modern stage of cultural development of Ukraine. It resulted in appearance of numerous musical events. Due to the scale, some of these measures, require bringing in considerable investments. Music festivals attract many foreign tourists due to their rich cultural program. The program of such events usually contains not only a musical constituent but also different types of modern photo-exhibitions, artistic exhibitions, poetic appearances, lectures etc. It is possible to consider Porto Franko an example of such festival. Porto Franko is organized in Ivano-Frankivsk annually. Musical tourism is one of the most actual methods of associating representatives of different social groups. In many foreign countries, music and cultural festivals are held annually, gathering people from all over the world and attracting signifi cant investments for continuous improvement of the organization. Festival tourism increasingly covers more and more visitors. Therefore, festival tourism should give Ukraine an additional incentive for development, borrowing methods and forms of foreign experience. Thus, the musical sphere is an integral part of not only Ukrainian culture, it is also a signifi cant part of tourism. Music is a means of communication between people of different nationalities. Therefore, it should be considered as an additional tool for effective development of tourist industry in Ukraine. Festival tourism today needs much more attention. Festival tourism as a factor in sustainable development of communities, cities, countries that really affects economic situation of any region.
ANALYSIS OF TOURIST-RESOURCING POTENTIAL OF UKRAINE (PRACTICAL ASPECT)
The article defi nes and proposes the main criteria for the classifi cation characteristics and features of a comprehensive assessment of the tourist-resource potential that determine the state and prospects of tourism development in Ukraine. The methodical instruction of the integrated assessment of the tourist-resource potential for the formation of a complete and rational representation of its content and the defi nition of relevant concepts has been improved. It is established that the assessment of recreational and tourist resources is determined by the ratio of the object and subject, which includes the following stages: allocation of the object and subject of assessment (recreation, recreation and tourism economy), the formation of criteria for evaluation, depending on the scale and purpose research, object properties, development of parameters (evaluation scales). In accordance with the main points of the subject should conduct such assessments of recreational and tourist resources: medical and biological; psycho-aesthetic; technological. The recreational potential of the territory existing in a particular spatial-temporal reference system and used for recreation, recreation and recreation may be represented by different percentages of both natural and social resources. It was established that within the framework of integrated assessment of the resource-recreational system the main role is played by the availability and condition of material and technical facilities and (national) tourism infrastructure in general. It is noted that certifi cation and assessment of natural recreational and tourist resources is one of the main tasks of management of recreational nature use. It is proved that the analysis of the tourist and resource potential of the territory (water area) is the initial scientifi c base for the development of strategies and plans for tourism development at the state and regional levels.
TOURISTIC PECULIARITIES AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF POLISH-UKRAINIAN BORDERLAND (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ZHOVKVA RAION, LVIV OBLAST).
The paper considers resources and infrastructure of one of the three administrative raions of Lviv oblast, which have special geographic location, resource potential and transboundary possibilities. We have analyzed historicalcultural, religious and natural resources of Zhovkva Raion, as well as their use in recreational- touristic activities. The distribution of historical-cultural resources between the settlements is explored. We have discovered new museums, namely at schools, and studied their functioning. We have also characterized modern state of hotels and restaurants, which are used for tourists and recreants. We have studied some cases of hotels and restaurants and fi gured out their capacities and prices. We have developed a two-day tour «Zhovkva Land as a droplet of Ukrainian cultural heritage», which includes two wooden churches of the UNESCO heritage list (in Potelychi and Zhovkva). The tour program encompasses visit to historical- cultural, sacral, and natural objects of Zhovkva Raion. Tourists will be able to visit the Renaissance town of Zhovkva and the royal palace, to get acquainted with the life of monks at Krechiv Monastery, and to have a walk through the forest to the caves and sources. We have also produced a program of the tour and its budget (for a group and for one person), and substantiated the appropriateness of the introduction of a new touristic product at the market of services of tourist enterprises.
THE ROLE OF EVENT TOURISM RESOURCES OF IVANO-FRANKIVSK REGION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AND GREEN TOURISM.
The article analyzes the impact of event tourist resources, namely festivals, artistic holidays, religious rituals and others for development of rural and green tourism in Ivano-Frankivsk region. Ivano-Frankivsk region is one of those regions of Ukraine which has identifi ed tourism development as a priority. Moreover, tourism in this time and age is seen by the authorities at the local level as a branch of management, but not the sphere of activity. The latter, as a rule, should be understood mainly as a number of measures, perhaps of a systemic nature, which are executed, however, in a self-employed manner, at the expense of the initiative of the performers themselves. An important component of development of tourism in the province is conservation and use with cognitive, emotional and sensory purpose of objects of cultural and historical heritage, which forms the basis for so-called cultural or cultural-educational tourism. Of particular importance in today’s conditions is the study of the state of development of recreational and tourist resources determining the ways of their optimal use in those regions of the territory where various types of tourism are actively developing and where this industry is identifi ed as one of the main branches of industry. Particularly promising for today is the development of eventful tourism throughout Ukraine. It is interesting that the majority of these measures are usually ethnographic and carried out on the territory of a village or a united territorial community belonging to a particular ethnographic area, which is important for socio-economic development of the local area and the locals in general
IMPLEMENTATION OF TOURIST FUNCTIONS IN POLISH RECOVERED TERRITORIES AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR
Gorzów Wielkopolski is a city located in the Polish territories recovered after the Second World War. The usage of both the city and all these areas for tourism purposes were treated only marginally until the end of the 1980s. The aim of the work is to check whether, after the political changes in 1989, the city’s wealth concerning its tourist functions was duly used. To achieve the research goals, the literature on tourism in urban centers, including Gorzów Wielkopolski, materials and information being part of the strategic documents of the City Hall, the Marshal’s Offi ce and the Ministry of Sport and Tourism were analyzed. The analysis also includes statements posted on the tourist websites and comments in surveys concerning the tourist attractiveness of the city. On the basis of the results of the carried out research it was possible to formulate the conclusion that the city of Gorzów Wielkopolski is already offering services on the tourist market, but its wealth is not fully estimated and used for the needs of the tourism industry. Positive and very positive opinions about values and tourist attractions of Gorzów Wielkopolski appear mainly on national portals and are posted by people mostly unrelated to the city. Critical statements that doubt and undermine the tourist functionality of the city are posted on regional discussion forums by inhabitants of the city. One of the ways to change the existing situation may be to start institutional support for the industry and activities that can systematically promote the city.
JĘZYKOWO-KULTUROWY OBRAZ DZIECKA W POLSZCZYŹNIE OGÓLNEJ
Językowo-kulturowy obraz dziecka na terenach etnicznie polskich kształtował się od wieków, również pod wpływem śródziemnomorskim, łacińskim. Od czasów dawnych, kiedy sytuacja dziecka – także pod względem prawnym – była straszliwa i przerażająca (ojciec mógł własne dziecko srodze ukarać, wnioskować o ukaranie, wypędzić ze wspólnoty, nawet sprzedać), do czasów nam współczesnych nastąpiły w tej dziedzinie ogromne zmiany. Współcześnie dziecku służą normy prawne, szereg rozwiązań legislacyjnych oraz zachowania utrwalone dobrym obyczajem. Są one zbieżne z zespołem niezbywalnych i gwarantowanych praw człowieka, przysługującym nam od narodzenia, bez względu na płeć, rasę, wyznanie, wykształcenie, przekonania i sympatie polityczne, status społeczny czy miejsce zamieszkania. O różnej sytuacji dziecka świadczy bogata leksyka ilustrująca zarówno dawniej, jak i współcześnie jego stan czy uczucia, jakimi je darzono. Wśród ponad 100 synonimów dziecka funkcjonujących w polszczyźnie najnowszej około 58,8% stanowią nazwy neutralne, m.in. ogólne (np.: dziecię); odnoszone do najmłodszych (np.: niemowlę, osesek); nieco starszych (np.: malec, przedszkolak); dorastających (np.: podrostek); odzwierciedlające relacje rodzinne (np.: syn, córka, wnuczka); szczególną pozycję społeczną bądź domową (np.: jedynak, półsierota, pupilek, ulubieniec, wybraniec). Poza jednostkowymi podniosłymi nazwami (konsolacja i progenitura) pozostałe jednostki (37,3%) zalicza się do słownictwa potocznego, a nawet rubasznego, jak w przykładach: gówniarz, pętak, szczeniak itp. Obraz dziecka tworzy również bogata frazeologia oraz 440 przysłów z komponentem «dziecko», których analiza pozwala na wskazanie sposobu postrzegania przez dorosłych problemów wychowawczych, bytowych, proponowanych i stosowanych rozwiązań, a także miejsca dziecka w rodzinie i społeczeństwie. Znaczącą część przysłów stanowią tu pouczenia i przestrogi w kontekście przygotowania dziecka do życia – różnymi metodami, m.in. za pomocą kary fi zycznej (o czym mówi np. XVII- -wieczne przysłowie «Bez kary dziecko się nie wychowa»), reprymendy, połajanek i wymówek (jak w przykładzie: «Dobre dziecko słowem ukarzesz, złemu i kij nie pomoże »), wybaczania czy dobrego przykładu («Chcecie mieć wdzięczne dzieci, bądźcie wdzięcznymi dziećmi»). Charakterystycznie wartość dzieci – zgodnie z przekazem paremiografi cznym – uzależniona była również od statusu ich rodziców, jako że uznawano, iż «Dzieci u panów ubóstwem, u chłopa bogactwem » itp. Przysłowia polskie bliskie są przekazem treści przysłowiom obcym, by przywołać dla przykładu angielskie «Dzieci biednych czynią ich bogatymi» itp. Dziecko z perspektywy społecznej w kulturze polskiej dostrzeżone zostało w czasach oświecenia jako adresat edukacji i książki. Dopiero pozytywizm, przynosząc w literaturze realistyczne i naturalistyczne postrzeganie rzeczywistości, usytuował dziecko w centrum życia, wraz ze wszystkimi jego przymiotami. Równie późno – od drugiej połowy XVIII wieku – dziecko jako osoba (fi zyczna, emocjonalna i intelektualna) zaistniało w sztuce przedstawiającej dziecko jako dziecko. Dziecko jako istota fi zyczna i społeczna postrzegane było przez innych z pozycji ich dorosłości oraz związanej z nią wiedzy i siły, co w rozwoju cywilizacyjnym bezsprzecznie wpływało na jego pozycję, prawa i status. Odzwierciedla to upowszechniona w języku leksyka, frazeologia, a także kreacje literackie.
JĘZYK, TOŻSAMOŚĆ, RELIGIA. UKRAIŃCY I ŁEMKOWIE W GORZOWIE I OKOLICACH
The connection between religion and national identity in the countries of East- Central Europe in the 20th century is a wellknown and relatively well-described phenomenon. In recent years, the researchers have focused on young representatives of various religious and national groups who are redefi ning their national or religious identities, making their self-assessment in new (social and political) circumstances. The background of these phenomena is a borderland with its characteristics, which include: language contacts, multilingualism, multiculturalism, multi-ethnicity and complex identities of its inhabitants. The aim of the article is to present the contemporary, multi-faith nature of the Opera197 tion Vistula victims resettled into the area of Gorzów Wielkopolski. These people and their descendants are now the followers of the Western Catholic, Eastern Catholic and Orthodox Church and use Polish, Ukrainian, Church Slavonic or Lemko as a language prescribed for the spiritual sphere. In this paper, I am going to discuss the connections between religion, language and identity in Lubusz area, a very specifi c region where the mentioned religions are cultivated by the displaced and remain an important indicator of their identity in the conditions of new multi-ethnicity and multiculturalism. The subject of identity, religion and language of Ukrainians and Lemko people in the western and northern territories of Poland has already been explored by cultural anthropologists, historians and linguists. There have never been, however, any studies focusing on the relations between language, religion and national identity considered from the interdisciplinary perspective, the previous researches being conducted only within the individual areas
PROBLEMS OF CULTURAL AND AESTHETIC DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN EUROPEAN LITERATURE OF THE LATE 19th AND EARLY 20th CENTURIES IN THE LITERARY- CRITICAL PERCEPTION OF I. FRANKO AND M. PAVLYK.
The development of foreign literature and new trends that emerged in the literature at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries had a signifi cant impact on the development of Ukrainian literature. Such famous artists of Galicia as I. Franko and M. Pavlyk showed a great interest in contemporary literary tendencies and highly appreciated those representatives of foreign art who defended the interests of the people. One of the main problems of European literature of that time was naturalism. The attitude to M. Pavlyk’s and I. Franko’s naturalism was controversial. Naturalistic art is genetically related to realistic. Therefore, it is diffi cult to distinguish between these areas in literary works. Galician writers tried to understand the artistic, socio-political ideas of French naturalism, which corresponded to the contemporary tendencies of European literature. Under naturalism in literature the fi rst priority aspects of the social plan were considered. Social and literary reasons explain the great interest in the work of E. Zola, G. Flaubert. The views of I. Franko and M. Pavlyk on contemporary literature were in the process of certain changes; the evolution of their principles of evaluation of artistic works and literary-critical perception took place. Noteworthy are the interest of the Galician artists in the problems of foreign literature, the attempt to include Ukrainian literature in the global context.
OPERATIVE AND STRATEGIC PLANNING AND PROGNOSTICATION OF DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOCULTURAL SPHERE IN UKRAINE AT LOCAL LEVEL
An operative and strategic management of sociocultural planning is closely connected with management, administrativepolitical and inter-branch spheres, as well as local economy. Cooperation of industries of local economy is so close, that each of them can not develop separately, although the specifi city of industries is obvious and can’t be ignored. Specifi city of the marked sphere is formed by certain issues of providing and defence of constitutionally assured rights and freedoms of citizens in cultural, social and other related spheres. It is a sphere of public life of ordinary citizens, closely connected with their education, intellectual and cultural development, health protection, public welfare and satisfaction of other sociocultural needs. The aim of this paper is to fi nd out theoretical reasons for development and design practical recommendations to improve mechanisms of adjusting development of sociocultural sphere at state and local levels. The research object is to elaborate ways of development of sociocultural sphere at local level. The article studies the mechanisms to improve development of sociocultural sphere in Ukraine at local level.
MAIN FEATURES OF THE USE OF CULTURAL MONUMENTS OF POKUTTYA IN SOCIO-CULTURAL LEISURE.
The article analyzes the peculiarities and perspectives of using culture monuments of Pokuttya in socio-cultural leisure. It was emphasized that the problem of socio-cultural activity (socio-cultural leisure) is one of the interests of different scholars, for the majority of which is typical of the statement that modern socio-cultural activities are marked by a large variety of forms, methods and means of organization that are aimed at attracting people to culture. The importance of using the historical and cultural heritage, traditions and customs of the research area for the development of socio-cultural leisure is emphasized. The peculiarities of sacral architecture of Pokuttya are highlighted, characteristics of the most famous monuments of sacred art are given, the possibilities of attracting unique resources of the ethnographic museums of the region, as well as numerous festivals, are analyzed in the sociocultural leisure. It is noted that the use of historical, cultural and artistic monuments in sociocultural leisure allows to attract suffi ciently large fi nancial resources and positively infl uences the development of a particular region in particular. An important role of the cultural potential of Pokuttya territory in the process of establishing intercultural relations and understanding in the age of globalization, the latest hybrid confrontation between different cultures and peoples is noted.
JĘZYKOWO-KULTUROWE DZIEDZICTWO PRO-HUBERTOWSKIE W REGIONIE LUBUSKIM
Przedmiotem analizy w niniejszym artykule jest językowo-kulturowe dziedzictwo pro-Hubertowskie w regionie lubuskim. Materiał badawczy stanowią frazy z komponentem święty Hubert (Hubertus) i eponimy, dla których onimem bazowym jest imię świętego, obecne na terenie regionu lubuskiego np. w nazwach organizacji, uroczystości, obiektów kultu i innych tekstach językowych a także materialne przejawy kultu św. Huberta. Został on wyekscerpowany z publikacji internetowych, prasy lokalnej, kronik kół łowieckich oraz pozyskany z ankiet skierowanych do kół łowieckich, z rozmów z leśnikami, myśliwymi, księżmi, dyrektorem szkoły, lokalną społecznością. Przejawem kultu św. Huberta są miejsca kultu religijnego, modlitewne wezwania skierowane do świętego, wybór na patrona szkoły, wykorzystywanie antroponimu Hubert w nazwach kół łowieckich, organizowanie uroczystości, których nazwy pochodzą od imienia świętego a ich program ma związek z jego postawą. Zgromadzony materiał badawczy dowodzi znacznej skali dziedzictwa pro-Hubertowskiego, które jest ważną częścią dziedzictwa kulturowego regionu i kraju, zarówno w wymiarze materialnym, jak i pozamaterialnym. W ostatnich latach można zaobserwować ożywienie tradycji Hubertowskich w regionie lubuskim, na co wpływ ma obecny w Polsce w ostatnich kilkudziesięciu latach rozwój czci oddawanej świętemu
JĘZYKOWA KREACJA ROKITNA I OKOLIC W DZIELE KS. JANA KAZIMIERZA STECZEWICZA «SKARB NIEPRZEBRANY DOBRODZIEJSTW BOSKICH»
Tekst ks. Jana Kazimierza Steczewicza [17] ukazał się w 1672 roku, a jego prymarnym zadaniem było zaświadczenie o nadprzyrodzonych zdarzeniach dziejących się za przyczyną obrazu Matki Bożej, znajdującego się w parafi alnej świątyni w Rokitnie. Autor był członkiem kościelnej komisji, której celem było dowiedzenie coraz silniejszego kultu obrazu, a w konsekwencji uznania go za cudowny. Rokitno jest miejscowością położoną w Polsce, w województwie lubuskim, powiecie międzyrzeckim, około 80 kilometrów od Kostrzyna nad Odrą oraz około 100 kilometrów od Słubic – miast na polsko-niemieckiej granicy. W XVI wieku wchodziło w skład województwa poznańskiego. Analiza wskazanego tekstu zaświadczy o sposobach językowej kreacji terenów najbliższych Rokitnu w czasach rodzącego się kultu Matki Bożej Cierpliwie Słuchającej.
TOŻSAMOŚĆ NA POGRANICZU. UWIKŁANIA STRUKTURALNE I KULTUROWE
W artykule autorka przeprowadza obszerną dyskusję dotyczącą relacji tożsamości społecznej i pogranicza. Artykuł ma teoretyczny charakter, składa się z czterech części noszących następujące tytuły: sens socjologiczny pogranicza, struktura-podmiotowość- tożsamość, społeczne i kulturowe konteksty tożsamości oraz tożsamość jednostki a pogranicze. Przedstawione są w nim wybrane socjologiczne koncepcje pogranicza oraz tożsamości społecznej jednostki. Autorka opowiada się za koncypowaniem pogranicza jako zjawiska lokującego się w obszarze kultury symbolicznej zbiorowości. To rozumienie kieruje uwagę na ujmowanie tożsamości społecznej jednostki w kategoriach jej świadomościowego rozpoznawania siebie, które przebiega w różnorodnych wymiarach: etnicznych, narodowych, religijnych, oraz innych cech usytuowania społecznego, takich jak płci, wieku czy pozycji ekonomicznej. Tak konstruowana tożsamość zasadza się na świadomościowym porządkowaniu przez jednostkę jej otoczenia społecznego. Wraz z tymi procesami poznawczymi dokonuje ona również osadzania siebie w obrębie wskazanych sobie kategorii, grup oraz innych kolektywów społecznych. Podstawową zasadą są tutaj podobieństwo oraz przynależność, które stają się następnie kryterium wyodrębniania «my» i «oni». Autorka podkreśla, że pogranicze społeczno – kulturowe istotnie nasila problem pojmowania i rozumienia siebie przez mieszkańców. Tę tezę sformułowała na podstawie wyników badań własnych, które przeprowadziła na wschodnim oraz zachodnim pograniczu Polski. Ujawniły one również działanie odmiennych mechanizmów konstruowania tożsamości na każdym z badanych pograniczy.
PRZEDSTAWICIELE WIELOKULTUROWEGO GORZOWA
W wyniku procesów przesiedleńczych mających miejsce po zakończeniu drugiej wojny światowej Gorzów Wielkopolski stał się miastem wielokulturowym. Obok Polaków i Niemców w sposób szczególny swoją obecność w mieście zaznaczyli Cyganie (Romowie), Tatarzy oraz Ukraińcy. Do grona wymienionych mniejszości należy zaliczyć Bronisławę Wajs-Papuszę, Edwarda Dębickiego, Alfredę Markowską, Rozalię Aleksandrowicz oraz Michała Kowalskiego. Ich działalność przyczyniła się do kształtowania postaw zrozumienia i poszanowania wśród mieszkańców Gorzowa.
SAMOZWAŃCZE KONSULATY JAKO ŚWIADECTWO ODBIORU NOWEGO POGRANICZA
Artykuł prezentuje nowatorski zbiór Samozwańcze konsulaty. Rzecz o emocjonalnym stosunku Niemców i Polaków do tego samego skrawka ziemi (Witnica-Gorzów 2013). Jego koncepcję opracował Zbigniew Czarnuch – mieszkaniec ziemi przyłączonej do Polski po drugiej wojnie światowej, historyk regionu, działacz społeczny, założyciel Parku Drogowskazów i Kamieni Milowych Cywilizacji w Witnicy. Jest on także jednym z autorów tekstów zamieszczonych w analizowanym tomie. Samozwańcze konsulaty można traktować jako przykład jednego ze sposobów oglądu miejsc obecnego województwa lubuskiego. W drugiej połowie lat czterdziestych XX wieku w efekcie ustaleń konferencji w Jałcie i Poczdamie i wiążących się z nimi wielkimi migracjami całych społeczności powstały na tych terenach nowe układy kulturowe, tworzące nowe pogranicza. Prezentowana w Samozwańczych konsulatach perspektywa opisu przestrzeni styków różnych kultur skłania do rozwinięcia dotychczasowych analiz teoretycznych klasyfi kujących metody interpretacji pograniczy. W artykule pojawia się propozycja tego uzupełnienia, która może być wykorzystana przy badaniu różnych pograniczy. Istotą tego artykułu jest zatem ukazanie koncepcji Zbigniewa Czarnucha i przedstawienie nowych typologii badawczego opisu pogranicza. W wypowiedzi wykorzystano metajęzyk i koncepcję ‘pograniczy’, które zaproponowano w monografi i Katarzyny Taborskiej Literatura miejsca. Piśmiennictwo postlandsberskie (Wydawnictwo Naukowe AJP, Gorzów Wielkopolski 2017).
FOR THE 80th ANNIVERSARY OF PROFESSOR Y.S. КALAKURA AND THE 55th ANNIVERSARY OF HIS SCIENTIFIC AND PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY.
The article covers the main stages of life and scientifi c and pedagogical activity of Professor Yaroslav Stepanovich Kalakuri. The main scientifi c achievements of the prominent historian are analyzed. His personal contribution to the development of Ukrainian historical science, in particular, historiography, source study, archival studies, is considered. It was emphasized that in the newest studies on historiography Y.S. Kalakur investigates the evolution of the historiographical situation, the leading tendencies of development and increase of historical knowledge, beginning with the princely times and completing the contribution to the institutionalization of Ukrainian historiography by M.S. Hrushevsky and the historiographic work of modern historians. An important place in these works was the issue of the de-communization of Ukrainian historiography, its fi nal break with the methodology of the party-class and formational approach to history, the establishment of a civilized understanding of the historiographical process, the positive effects of anthropological, cultural and information turning, which fundamentally changed the nature and methodology of cognitive activity of historians. The attention of Y.S. Kalakur’s intelligence is of a problematic and thematic nature, its range is quite wide: it is the question of historical memory, the interaction of the historian and authorities, the Ukrainian revolution, the Holodomor in Ukraine, the Ukrainian spirituality and historiosophy of Taras Shevchenko, Ukrainian-Turkish relations of the Cossack era, etc. The author emphasized the need to protect the historical memory of Ukraine from the Kremlin neo-expansion, isolation from the concepts of Russian historians of great-power orientation, intensifi cation of professional discussions, consistent dissolution of thoughts and refutation of falsifi cations of Ukrainian history in Russian historiography, counteraction to the attempts of the latter to impose a distorted idea on the Ukrainian past and present on the world. These problems have become particularly relevant in the context of Putin’s aggression, the annexation of the Crimea and the support of separatist and terrorist forces in the Donbas
EUROPEAN CULTURE FESTIVAL AS A RENDEZVOUS OF BORDERLAND CULTURES (AFTER AN EXAMPLE OF UKRAINIAN UNIVERSITY BANDS).
This paper attempts to present fi ve seasons of the European Culture Festivals held between 2012 and 2016. They were organised by University of Applied Sciences in Gorzów Wielkopolski (since 1 September 2016 Jacob of Paradies University) in cooperation with partner schools: the Uman National Horticulture University and the Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University at Ivano-Frankivsk. The Arts Institute of the Vasyl Stefanyk National Transcarpathia University in Ivano-Frankivsk was represented by both groups and soloists. The Dance Group «Dyvosvit » is a laureate of pan-Ukrainian and international competitions and festivals; the group trains professional choreographers for community centres in Western Ukraine, while the Bandura Women Players Quartet «Gerdan» gives concerts at venues organised by the University, the town and province authorities. The band’s repertoire features folk songs, instrumental music byknown Ukrainian and foreign composers. «Gerdan» took part in and was crowned with top distinctions at international festivals and competitions. The Student Culture and Education Centre of the Human National Horticultural University at Uman was represented by a number of groups, e.g. «Khlibodary», established in 1984. The group holds many awards and took part in regional, pan- Ukrainian and international festivals. Its repertoire features Ukrainian folk songs and works by renown Ukrainian composers. Awarded top prizes at a number of festivals and competitions was also «Nyvka» Trade Union Folk Amateur Group. The repertoires of the groups are varied; featuring elaborate word inventory of their songs and interesting musical compositions. During the European Culture Festival concerts were held in different towns and localities.
СУБ’ЄКТИВНО ПРО НЕПЕРЕСІЧНУ ОСОБИСТІСТЬ (до 85-ліття професора Віталія Кононенка)
Писати про людину, яку знаєш чимало часу, з яким працював поряд не один рік, з яким було реалізовано багато проектів, в тому числі і таких, які здавалися мало- реалістичними, – складно. Тим більше, якщо при згадці про неї в тебе виникають почуття поваги і навіть захоплення. Як це буває тоді, коли пишеш про наставни- ка, старшого побратима, певною мірою, – того, з кого береш приклад у житті