The journal Physics and Chemistry of Solid State is an academic, peer-reviewed periodical that publishes original research articles devoted to various aspects of solid-state studies. The journal welcomes contributions in the following subject areas: physical and mathematical sciences, chemical sciences, engineering and technical sciences. The journal publishes reviews and original research papers. Journal's issues has been published from 2000. Media identifier (National): R30-02046 ISSN 1729-4428 (Print) E-ISSN 2309-8589 (Online) CiteScore 2024 - 1.8 (2023 - 1.7; 2022 - 1.1; 2021 - 0.8) Journal Impact Factor (JIF 2024) 0.9 SJR 2024 - 0.255 SNIP 2024 - 0.57 (2023 - 0.431) Quartile: Q3 Frequency: quarterly
Vasyl Stefanyk Carpathian National University
Photopolymerization and photodegradation of polymers after long-term UV light exposure
Over the past two decades, research into photostimulated processes in polymeric materials has gained new momentum, driven both by the growing demand for functional polymers with controllable properties and the need to understand their long-term stability under operational conditions. Current approaches combine the development of new materials, such as photopolymerization systems for 3D printing and biosensing, with a deep fundamental study of the mechanisms of photoinduced changes, including the role of free volume and the dynamics of molecular motions. UV light irradiation is known to affect materials, and possibly change their properties in certain conditions due to the existence of ‘subthreshold radiation effects’. Polymerization reactions may also need light exposure to happen, this is photopolymerization, and UV light exposure is a very good way to start these reactions. However, UV light can degrade the polymer if it is exposed to it for a prolonged period of time. In this case, the newly formed polymer will undergo changes in its network structure, which can change its properties. A combination of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in complementary with computer modeling using recurrence analysis, was used to obtain information on the network properties of polymer matrix based on acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) and vanillin dimethacrylate (VDM) with and without a photoinitiator (2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone) (DMPA) according to the proposed light on/off protocol in view of long-term UV light exposure.
Copyright (c) 2025 Taras Kavetskyy, Oksana Zubrytska, Oles Matskiv, Martin Stievenard, Ondrej Šauša, Helena Švajdlenková, Volodymyr Soloviev, Andrii Bielinskyi, Jolita Ostrauskaite, Arnold Kiv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Theoretical models of chemical bonding in melts of Bi-Sb-Se-Te based thermoelectric materials
A comprehensive approach has been developed for building theoretical models of ordered alloys of quaternary systems of thermoelectric materials. Calculations of effective charges, effective radii, redistribution of electron density, dissociation energy of nonequivalent hybrid orbitals (NHO) in the Bi-Sb-Se-Te system were carried out depending on the interatomic distances, type of crystal structure, and chemical bond. The results obtained can be used in the development of technology for obtaining new Bi-Sb-Se-Te based thermoelectric materials.
Copyright (c) 2025 D.E. Rybchakov, O.M. Manyk, V.V. Lysko, V.V. Razinkov http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
GEANT4 Study of Secondary Electron Emission in ZnO Nanorod Arrays under 10-100 MeV Oxygen Ion Irradiation
Computational study of secondary electron emission (SEE) from ZnO nanorod arrays deposited on Au/Si₃N₄ substrates under irradiation with 16O ions in the 10–100 MeV energy range was performed. Using a combination of SRIM and GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulations, the mechanisms of electronic stopping, electron excitation, and secondary electron yield (SEY) were systematically analyzed as functions of ion energy, nanorod radius, and substrate coverage. The results show that the dominant energy loss channel of oxygen ions in ZnO is electronic stopping, peaking at 20 MeV, which defines the optimal energy range for efficient SEE. ZnO nanorod arrays demonstrated significant advantages over continuous ZnO films, providing twice increase in SEY due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, anisotropic geometry, and local field enhancement at nanorod tips, which collectively improve both electron generation and escape. The study identified that nanorods with radii of 0.5–1.0 µm and moderate substrate coverage (35-50%) yield the best performance, achieving a favorable balance between interaction volume and electron escape probability. The findings highlight the importance of nanostructure engineering for tailoring SEE efficiency and provide predictive guidelines for the rational design of nanostructured emitters. In particular, ZnO nanorod arrays emerge as promising candidates for high-performance SEE-based detectors and diagnostic devices in plasma physics, ion-beam technologies, and space applications operating in the MeV energy regime. This work demonstrates the potential of advanced computational modeling in accelerating the development of optimized nanomaterials for electron emission and radiation detection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Volodymyr Kotsyubynsky http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Phase Transitions in Ag₈SnSe₆ and Ag₈SnS₆: Mössbauer and X-ray Study
The structural transformations accompanying the low-temperature phase transition (PT) β´→γ in the argyrodite Ag8SnSe6 characterized by mixed electron-ionic conductivity, have been studied using nuclear gamma resonance (NGR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Parallel Mössbauer studies were performed on the structurally related canfieldite Ag8SnS6. An abrupt decrease in the probability of the Mössbauer effect and isomer shifts was observed in argyrodite and canfieldite near 356 K and 445 K, respectively, corresponding to phase transitions in these compounds. Spatial models of the first and second coordination spheres of Ag8SnSe6 in the β´ and γ-modifications have been proposed.
Copyright (c) 2025 M. V. Chekaylo, S. I. Yushchuk, S. O. Yuryev, L. G. Akselrud, V. V. Mokliak http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Effect of Surface Treatment of Single-Crystalline Ge on Its Photoconductivity and Photomodulation of Radiation with frequency of 0.13 THz
The influence of mechanical processing as well as ion and chemical surface etching of single-crystal germanium on its photoconductivity and photomodulation properties in the terahertz spectral region was investigated. Relative changes in the conductivity of the material under laser illumination at a wavelength of 660 nm and various irradiation powers were determined. A setup was developed for studying the photomodulation properties of germanium at a frequency of 0.13 THz, and a pronounced increase in the absorption of terahertz radiation was revealed even at low illumination powers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bohdan Venhryn, Oksana Balaban, R. Bukliv, A. Danylov, D. Vynnyk , V. Haiduchok , A. Andrushchak http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Phonon thermal conductivity of nanograined zirconium diboride: molecular dynamics study
In this study, the characteristics of phonon transport in single-crystal and nanograined zirconium diboride have been examined using the molecular dynamics method. In the case of single-crystal ZrB2 the anisotropy of the phonon thermal conductivity decreased gradually with increasing temperature. The results demonstrate that a reduction in grain size in nanograined ZrB2 leads to a decline in thermal conductivity. At a grain size of 1 nm, further reduction does not affect the thermal conductivity of the material. The findings are explained in terms of the scattering of heat carriers at the interfaces and the amorphization of the grain structure.
Copyright (c) 2025 V.V. Kuryliuk, O.O. Grygorenko, K.V. Popiuk http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Theoretical Simulation of mechanical, phonon dispersion and related electronic crystal properties of Niobium: a DFT study
In this research, we investigate the mechanical, phonon dispersion, and electronic properties of Niobium (Nb) using Density Functional Theory (DFT). Utilizing the Quantum ESPRESSO package, we performed comprehensive DFT calculations to predict Nb's properties at the atomic level. Mechanical properties were assessed by calculating the elastic constants, bulk modulus, shear modulus, and Young’s modulus. Phonon dispersion relations were obtained using density functional perturbation theory (DFPT) to evaluate dynamic stability. The electronic properties were analyzed through the band structure and density of states (DOS).The results obtained indicate that Nb exhibits exceptional mechanical stability, with elastic constants validating its robustness under high stress. Phonon dispersion analysis revealed the presence of imaginary frequencies, confirming dynamic instability. The results of electronic structure analysis demonstrated Nb's metallic nature, with significant d-orbital contributions near the Fermi level, affirming its excellent electrical conductivity. Overall, our findings contribute to the understanding and provide crucial atomic-level insights into Nb, guiding future experimental work and material development for advanced technological applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Omamoke Enaroseha, Obed Oyibo, Aziakpono Umukoro, Uyiosa Aigbe, Amaju Ojobor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Thermoelectric Thin Film Energy Generators Based on Lead Telluride Compounds
The work presents the results of experimental studies of thin film thermoelectric generators based on quaternary compounds PbSnAgTe and doped PbTe:Sb in the temperature range of 300–450 K. It is shown that the selected chemical composition Pb₁₄Sn₄Ag₂Te₂₀/PbTe:Sb and the technological processing parameters make it possible to obtain 5-µm thin films with low internal resistance and a high Seebeck coefficient, which ensures high thermoelectric power and long-term stability. The conversion efficiency of the studied thin film thermoelectric generator with 3.5 pairs of Pb₁₄Sn₄Ag₂Te₂₀/PbTe:Sb at a temperature difference of 100 K was 4.7%.
Copyright (c) 2025 B.S. Dzundza, O.B. Holovata, Ya.S. Yavorskyi, S.V. Dombrovskyi, A.V. Morgun, M.V. Shtun, V.V. Martyniuk http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
A study of acousto-electron effects in semiconductor quantum dots and bionanocomplexes based on them using deep machine learning
An artificial neural network architecture has been developed that is capable of predicting changes in the energy spectrum of semiconductor quantum dots and their bionanocomplexes under the influence of an acoustic wave and interaction with human serum albumin molecules based on its specified geometric sizes, elastic constants and deformation potential constants of the allowed energy bands of quantum dot materials, as well as the frequency and amplitude of the ultrasonic wave and the surface concentration of human serum albumin. Two artificial neural network architectures have been implemented and optimized. Both models contain three hidden layers; however, the second architecture involves expanding the input space by adding harmonic functions. Both approaches to neural network modeling demonstrate good agreement with the results of mathematical modelling, provided that the input parameters lie within the training range. In the case when the input parameters lie outside the training sample, the model using additional harmonic functions at the input demonstrates a much better result. Within the framework of the developed model for the CdSe/ZnS/CdS/ZnS QD–human serum albumin bionanocomplex, the dependence of the energy shift of the radiation quantum on the frequency of the acoustic wave was investigated for different values ​​of the surface concentration of albumin and different geometric sizes of the core and shell of the quantum dot.
Copyright (c) 2025 Olesya Dan'kiv, Andrii Stolyarchuk, Oleksandr Viychuk, Ihor Stolyarchuk, Oleh Kuzyk http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Effect of deposition time on the optical properties of CdSe nanostructured films
Cadmium selenide nanostructured films were prepared using high-frequency magnetron sputtering method. All samples were deposited on quartz substrates in disk form with a radius of 16 mm. The temperature of the substrate was similar for all samples and kept at 180 °C. The deposition times were 3, 6, 9, 12 and 20 min. The effect of deposition time on the optical properties of CdSe nanostructured films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical absorption spectra (OAS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX). XRD analysis of the obtained samples exhibited a cubic structure with a preferred (200) orientation. The average crystallite size of the CdSe nanostructured films was determined using the Scherrer equation. The EDX shows that the CdSe nanostructured films are formed from the desired elements, and their distribution is uniform. SEM analysis shows that the surface morphologies of the CdSe nanostructured films were dependent on the deposition time. OAS was analyzed by the Tauc model. The absorption spectrum fitting (ASF) method was applied to estimate the optical band gap and Urbach energy of the CdSe nanostructured films. The optical band gap and Urbach energy was found to decrease with increasing deposition time.
Copyright (c) 2025 H.A. Ilchuk, V.A. Pavlysh, I.V. Semkiv, V.M. Kordan, M.Y. Rudysh, A.I. Kashuba http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Magnesium-Doped Cobalt-Zinc Ferrite: A Study on Enhanced Magnetic and Electrical Properties
This research investigates the synthesis, characterization, and properties of magnesium-doped cobalt zinc ferrite (Mg-Co-Zn ferrite) composites prepared by solid state reaction. Thermal analysis through TGA/DTA revealed phase formation and thermal stability, with weight losses corresponding to water and chloride evaporation, and the formation of metal oxides confirmed at 850°C. FTIR spectra identified the spinel structure, highlighting the effects of Mg2+ ion doping on lattice vibrations and cationic redistribution. Magnetic properties were evaluated using hysteresis loops measured at room temperature, showing that Mg doping enhanced saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc), with superparamagnetic behavior observed at the nanoscale. Electrical properties, determined by the two-probe method, demonstrated increased DC resistivity with higher Mg content, attributed to the Verwey-deBoer hopping mechanism.The dielectric constant of Mg-doped Co-Zn ferrite systems varies with Mg content, frequency, and hopping conduction, with the highest value at x=0.08, attributed to Fe3+ ion migration. The study concludes that Mg-Co-Zn ferrite composites exhibit tunable magnetic and electrical properties, making them suitable for high-frequency applications, such as microwave absorption, magnetic recording, and advanced technological uses in biomedical fields, sensors, and memory devices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Y.Kolekar Ravikumar, S.B. Kapatkar , S.N. Mathad, Sh. Hegde http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Electrochemical properties of TіS2 and TiS2/C composite, irradiated by laser and ultrasound
Electrochemical behavior after laser irradiation of TіS2 and its TіS2/С composite with 50% and 80% of NCM (nanoporous carbon material) content in aqueous electrolyte was investigated. It was shown that for TіS2 and its TіS2/С composite the capacitance and Faradaic charge storage mechanisms provide identical contributions to the capacity of corresponding storage devices, while laser irradiation stimulates fast reversible Faradaic reactions that leads to 70% increase of pseudocapacitance contribution into the general capacitance. It was found that preliminary intercalation of fluorine into the electrode material (using thermal exposure method) significantly increases capacity and Coulomb efficiency of storage devices. In particular, their specific energy value becomes almost 5 times greater than corresponding value for the original electrode material.
Copyright (c) 2025 I.M. Budzulyak, L.S. Yablon, I.I. Budzulyak, V.O. Kotsyubynsky, R.V. Ilnytskyi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
A structural and mechanical study of the maintenance of archaeological Al-brass alloy by simulation method
The purpose of this research is to investigate the casting process of producing Al-brass alloy (76% Cu, 22% Zn, 2% Al) and destroying it chemically in accordance with the methods used in simulating damaged archaeological samples; this was achieved by immersing the alloy in a dilute solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with a concentration of 8% molar for 24 hours. This was followed by treatment with a 300 mJ, Nd: YAG laser for 10 seconds at 100 cm, leading to the four stages of the alloy. The damaged alloy had the lowest levels of structural properties with a low hardness value, as opposed to the laser-treated alloy, which had the best structural properties. The results of X-ray diffraction and microscopic imaging by an atomic force microscope and hardness values show that this method is the best way to maintenance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Omar F. Abdullah, Orass A. Hussein, Marwan Al-Lattouf, Salih Y. Darweesh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Investigation of the Nanoporous Structure of Thermally Modified Carbon Materials by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering
The nanoporous structure of thermally modified carbon materials was studied using the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) method. An analysis of scattering curves in Guinier and Porod coordinates was carried out for the initial and thermally activated materials at 400 °C for 30-240 minutes. It was established that thermal treatment for 150-180 minutes promotes the formation of a mesoporous structure with a radius of gyration ranging from 2.69 to 3.53 nm. The application of the Porod method made it possible to assess the fractal morphology of the surface, which varies from smooth to fractal. The obtained results indicate the possibility of controlled regulation of the porosity of carbon materials for sorption and electrochemical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 S.A. Lisovska, N.Ya. Ivanichok, B. I. Rachiy, O.V. Shutak, N.R. Ilnytskyi, O.I. Bulbuk, R.P. Lisovskiy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Influence of Element Concentration on Kinetic and Dynamic Properties of High-Entropy Solid Solutions
Previously obtained calculation data on the dependence of dynamic characteristics (lattice parameter (a) and Debye temperature ΘD) and experimental data on kinetic characteristics (resistivity ρ and mean free path of electrons λ) on the concentration of elements in high-entropy alloys (HEAs) were generalized. In the first case, calculations were carried out for bulk solid solutions with an FCC lattice based on Cu, Co, Ni, Fe, Cr, Al, or Ti atoms; in the second case, on the basis of experimental data. A correlation was established between ΘD and a, and between ρ and λ-1 in four- and five-component solid solutions, in which Al and Ti atoms are absent. The reason for the unsatisfactory correlation in the presence of Al and Ti atoms is explained by the relatively large value of the parameter δ – the difference in atomic radii (5.2–7.1%) in solid solutions containing Al and Ti atoms. The individual parameter δi has an even larger value: 10.3% (Al) or 12.0–15.4% (Ti). Relatively large values of δ and δi can cause deformation of the solid-solution lattice, which manifests itself in the absence of correlation between ΘD and a, as well as between ρ and λ-1.
Copyright (c) 2025 N.I. Shumakova, S.I. Protsenko, V.I. Shevchenko, I.Yu. Protsenko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
First-Principles Investigation of Phase Stability, Mechanical Properties, and Electronic Structure of TixV1-xN Solid Solutions
This study presents a comprehensive first-principles investigation into the phase stability, mechanical properties, and electronic structure of TixV1-xN solid solutions across the entire compositional range (0 ≤ x ≤ 1). Employing density functional theory (DFT) in conjunction with the cluster expansion (CE) method and special quasirandom structures (SQS), we reveal a complex energetic landscape. The system exhibits a thermodynamic tendency towards forming ordered phases at low temperatures, as indicated by the negative mixing enthalpies of the predicted ground-state configurations, while the random solid solution is found to be energetically unfavorable. A significant non-monotonic solid solution strengthening effect is observed, with the Vickers hardness peaking at 22.7 GPa for the ordered structure at xV=0.5, substantially exceeding the values of the binary end-members. This strengthening is accompanied by a ductile-to-brittle transition, where intermediate compositions (xV ≈ 0.2-0.6) become brittle, as confirmed by Pugh's ratio (B/G < 1.75) and negative Cauchy pressures. Analysis of the density of states (DOS), Electron Localization Function (ELF), and Deformation Density (DD) demonstrates that the observed mechanical trends are governed by an enhancement of the covalent character and directionality of the interatomic bonds, resulting from the hybridization of Ti and V d-orbitals. These findings provide fundamental insights into the structure-property relationships in TixV1-xN solid solutions and offer a pathway for designing coatings with an optimized balance of hardness and toughness.
Copyright (c) 2025 P.M. Prysyazhnyuk, I.P. Yaremiy, V.G. Panchuk, A.V. Korzhov, M.P. Makohin, I.M. Umantsiv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Resistance against mechanical and corrosion-mechanical failure of welded joint of X70 steel with advanced viscous properties
An arc welding method under flux for the controllable rolling of X70 steel for main gas pipelines, which improves the viscosity of the welded joint and resistance against stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) under cathode protection, was developed. The impact toughness of the weld at temperatures minus 40°C was KCV-40 = 189.0 J/cm2 versus KCV-40 = 117.1 J/cm2 for the base metal. The corrosion rates and electrochemical properties of different zones of the welded joint were determined, and their stress-corrosion cracking susceptibility in the NS4 medium was investigated using voltammetry, the slow strain rate method, and scanning electron microscopy.
Copyright (c) 2025 L.I. Nyrkova, L.V. Goncharenko, Yu.I. Lisovskiy, L.I. Faynberg http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Influence of annealing temperature on the Charpy fracture characteristics of selective laser melted 316L steel at ambient and cryogenic temperatures
The effect of high-temperature annealing on the Charpy fracture properties of 316L stainless steel manufactured via Selective Laser Melting (SLM) was studied at ambient (25 oC) and cryogenic (–196 oC, LNT) temperatures. Charpy V-notched specimens (5×10×55 mm) were built along the Z-axis and annealed (5 h) at 900oC, 1050oC, or 1200oC, followed by water quenching. Impact tests were performed with the force-displacement curves recording. Microstructure was analysed using OM, SEM, EBSD, and EDX. The SLM-316L exhibited impact toughness (KCV) of one-third that of rolled 316L due to SLM’s cellular structure and specific micro-defects. Annealing at 900 oC removed the cellular structure, slightly improving impact toughness, while annealing at 1200 oC reduced it by a factor of 1.5 due to (MnCrSiAl)O3 precipitation. At –196 oC, absorbed energy decreased compared to 25 oC by a factor of 1.7-2.2. At 25oC, crack propagation energy (KVprop) exceeded crack initiation energy (KVini) across all conditions. At –196 oC, the KVprop fraction in annealed samples decreased because of deformation-induced martensitic transformation. The cellular structure of as-printed steel promoted a higher KVprop fraction at –196 oC. Ratio KCVLNT/KCVRT (0.46-0.59) indicates no ductile-brittle transition threshold, supporting the suitability of SLM-316L steel for cryogenic applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bohdan Efremenko, Yuliia Chabak, Elena Tsvetkova, Inna Oleinyk, Vasily Efremenko, Antonina Dzherenova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Investigation the Effect of Micro and Nano Size (SiO₂) on the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum
This study investigated the effect of nano-SiO2 (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 wt %) and micro-SiO2 (3, 6, and 9 wt %) additions on the corrosion resistance of aluminum (Al) fabricated by powder metallurgy (PM). The Al powder and its composite mixtures were independently ball-milled for 3.5 hrs. at 145 rpm in a 304SS vessel. Green compacts were prepared by uniaxial pressing under 650 MPa, and thereafter sintered at 528 ºC for 0.5h in an electric resistance furnace in an argon atmosphere. The potentiodynamic polarization results showed that the corrosion resistance of the Al-tested samples in a 0.1M HCl solution was improved by the addition of micro- and nano-sized SiO2 particles. Where, better improvement was detected when micro-sized SiO2 particles were added. The corrosion resistance of Al was increased by (17.07, 18.24, and 32.49) times when (3, 6, and 9) wt% micro-sized SiO2 particles were added, respectively. While the addition of nano-sized SiO2 particles improved the corrosion resistance of Al by (1.79, 2.38 and 6.62) times when (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5) wt% were added. However, the addition of micro- and nano-sized SiO2 also reduced the pitting corrosion of Al by lifting the E pit of Al to very high potential values when immersed in an acidic solution. These conclusions were obtained from the cyclic polarization results of the samples. Furthermore, XRD and FESEM were utilized to observe, and analyze the structure of the fabricated Al and its composites.
Copyright (c) 2025 N.A. Abd, Jawdat Ali Yagoob http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Numerical determination of thermoelectric parameters for two-stage sintering of cBN–Al system samples in a high-pressure cubic cell
Preliminary numerical modeling of coupled electric and thermal fields in a six-punch HPA during reaction sintering of massive samples of PCBN has been performed. It was assumed that the sintering of the superhard composite is carried out from the cBN–Al charge. The FEM code was used to solve the steady problem of electro- and thermal conductivity. The conductive properties of the cell materials were adjusted to meet the conditions of its thermobaric loading. The obtained results allow us to determine the level of thermoelectric parameters of two-stage reaction sintering and evaluate the effect of changes in the conducting properties of the cell on the thermal state of PCBN samples.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oleksiy Liudvichenko, Oleksandr Lyeshchuk, Oleksandr Anisin, Mykola Bezhenar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Computer modeling of mobile devices exposed to radio-electronic interference
The paper considers the principle of operation of mobile means of radio-electronic influence. A scheme of a compact device of radio-electronic influence at a frequency of 2.4 GHz is proposed and its modeling is carried out. A method of increasing the power of the device using high-frequency and ultra-high-frequency transistors is proposed. Due to the compact dimensions of the device, it allows it to be integrated as a separate modular element into various electronic interference systems. This device can also be used to suppress the Internet and mobile communications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Т.G. Benko, I.T. Kohut, V.I. Holota, V.M. Hryha http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Influence of Cu2+ ions on the optical properties of CdS/L-Cys colloid solutions
The work investigated the effect of Copper (II) ions on the optical properties of colloidal solutions of Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles stabilized with L-Cysteine ​​in aqueous solution at room temperature 250C. The introduction of Cu2+ ions into the reaction medium was carried out by ion exchange and co-precipitation methods. It was found that the addition of solutions of Copper (II) salts of different concentrations to colloidal solutions of CdS nanoparticles causes agglomeration and, accordingly, a shift of the optical absorption edge to the long-wavelength region, an increase in the width of the forbidden bandgap of Cadmium Sulfide, and a decrease in the intensity of photoluminescence, except for a solution with a concentration of Copper (II) ions of 1·10-5 mol/l.
Copyright (c) 2025 O. Krupko, L.P. Shcherbak, Yu.B. Khalavka, V.H. Pulupko, Kh. Holovata, S. Udod http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Synthesis and crysal structure of selenides R3Ag4kGe1.25-kSe7 (R – La, Ce; k = 0.05; 0.10; 0.15)
The paper presents the results of the study of the crystal structure of six selenides of the composition R3Ag4kGe1.25-kSe7 (R – La, Ce; k = 0.05; 0.10; 0.15) as promising materials for use in various semiconductor technologies. Due to their potentially interesting nonlinear optical, magnetic and electrical properties, as well as other unique characteristics, these selenides can find application in scientific research and engineering developments, which opens up opportunities for the creation of modern materials with new functional properties. The crystal structure of the selenides La3Ag0.20Ge1.20Se7 (А) [a = 10.779(1) Å, c = 6.0876(8) Å, RI = 0.0982, RP = 0.2544], La3Ag0.40Ge1.15Se7 (B) [a = 10.7821(9) Å, c = 6.0927(7) Å, RI = 0.0950, RP = 0.2377], La3Ag0.60Ge1.10Se7 (C) [a = 10.7977(5) Å, c = 6.0997(5) Å, RI = 0.0920, RP = 0.2156], Ce3Ag0.20Ge1.20Se7 (D) [a = 10.6948(5) Å, c = 6.0635(6) Å, RI = 0.1130, RP = 0.2649], Ce3Ag0.40Ge1.15Se7 (E) [a = 10.7074(6) Å, c = 6.0697(7) Å, RI = 0.0977, RP = 0.2529] and Ce3Ag0.60Ge1.10Se7 (F) [a = 10.7147(4) Å, c = 6.0729(4) Å, RI = 0.0985, RP = 0.2100] was studied by powder X-ray diffraction. The structure is represented by various geometric units, trigonal prisms with two additional atoms [R 8Se], tetrahedra [Ge 4Se], and monohedra [M 3Se]. These structural elements indicate a complex structure of selenides, which includes various types of chemical bonds and interactions between atoms in the crystal lattice. The synthesized selenides crystallize in the hexagonal symmetry (La3CuSiS7 structure type; space group P63; Pearson symbol hP24,173). La or Ce atoms are localized in the 6c site (x y z), atoms of the statistical mixtures M(Ag + Ge) in the 2a site (0 0 z), and Ge atoms are in the 2b site (1/3 2/3 z). Selenium in the crystal lattice has three atomic sites, Se1 (2b site), Se2 and Se3 (6c site). The primitive hexagonal unit cell contains two La(Ce)3Ag4kGe1.25-kSe7 formula units. The trigonal prisms [R 8Se] are connected by edges and form “blocks” of three prisms in each. The [R(Ag + Ge) 6Se] octahedra have common faces and form “columns” in the direction of the main axis. Trigonal prisms and octahedra form common faces. The [Ge 4Se] tetrahedra are isolated from each other.
Copyright (c) 2025 N.M. Blashko, O.V. Marchuk http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Compensation effect in the kinetics of chemical treatment of GaAs, InAs, GaSb, and InSb using bromine-releasing etching compositions based on H2O2–HBr solutions for the development of effective chemical polishing techniques
In this work, the kinetic dependences of chemical-dynamic etching of semiconductor compounds GaAs, InAs, GaSb, and InSb in polishing etching mixtures based on H2O2–HBr without and with an organic solvent are investigated. Based on the temperature dependence of the polishing kinetics in these systems, the apparent activation energies and pre-exponential factors in the Arrhenius equation for the chemical dissolution of the crystal surfaces were calculated. The existence of a kinetic compensation effect between the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor during the heterogeneous surface polishing process of GaAs, InAs, GaSb, and InSb was established. It was shown that the compensation dependence is not affected by the presence of an organic solvent in the bromine-releasing etching composition or by the chemical nature of the AIIIBV-type semiconductor material. The introduction of an organic solvent into the H2O2–HBr etching mixture facilitates the transition of the InSb dissolution process from the kinetic to the diffusion-controlled regime.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iryna Sheliuk, Roman Denysiuk, Galyna Malanych, Vasyl Tomashyk, Iryna Boichuk, Mykola Chayka, Oksana Melnyk http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Study of the interaction of Zinc sulfide with Europium (III) fluoride by spectroscopic methods
A study was conducted on the interaction of Zinc sulfide, obtained by the method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, and purified from oxygen with Europium (III) fluoride. The optical properties of the obtained systems were studied. The luminescence spectra show a decrease in its intensity for the samples after their heat treatment, which occurs due to the possible reaction with partial disappearance of Europium (III) fluoride. A hypothesis was proposed regarding the redox mechanism of interaction between the reagents with the formation of Europium (II) fluoride and other compounds.
Copyright (c) 2025 V.F. Zinchenko, O.V. Mozkova, A.V. Babenko, P.G. Doga, I.R. Magunov, R.E. Khoma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Research on a new thermoelectric material obtained by doping of n-HfNiSn with Nb atoms
The structural, kinetic, energetic, and magnetic properties of the new thermoelectric material Hf1-xNbxNiSn, obtained by doping the n-HfNiSn semiconductor with Nb atoms introduced into the structure by substituting Hf atoms in the crystallographic position 4a, have been investigated. It has been established that at concentrations of x=0.02 inclusive, there is a solid solution of Hf1-xNbxNiSn substitution of Hf atoms (5d26s2) for Nb atoms (4d45s1). In this case, defects of donor nature are generated in the Hf1-xNbxNiSn structure (Nb contains more d-electrons than the Hf atom), and impurity donor states εD appear in the band gap εg. At concentrations of 0.02<х≤0.05, substitution probably occurs by displacing Ni atoms from position 4a, which in the original HfNiSn compound was occupied by a statistical mixture of Hf and Ni atoms. In this case, defects of an acceptor nature are generated in the Hf1-xNbxNiSn structure (Nb contains fewer d-electrons than the Ni atom), and impurity acceptor states εА appear in the band gap εg. The ratio of donor and acceptor states determines the type of conductivity of Hf1-xNbxNiSn. It is shown that the semiconductive solid solution Hf1-xNbxNiSn is highly efficient in converting thermal energy into electrical energy.
Copyright (c) 2025 L. Romaka, Yu. Stadnyk, V.A. Romaka, A. Horyn, V.V. Romaka, P. Demchenko, P. Haranyuk http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Nano-based Materials for Environmental Soil Remediation due to Noxious Transition Metals Removal: Structural, Electromagnetic and Thermodynamic Analysis by DFT Outlook
The target of this research is removing transition metals of Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, W, Cd from soil due to nanomaterial-based gallium nitride nanocage (B5N10-nc). The electromagnetic and thermodynamic attributes of toxic transition metals trapped in B5N10-nc was depicted by materials modeling. It has been studied the behavior of trapping of Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, W, Cd by B5N10-nc for sensing the soil metal cations. B5N10-nc was designed in the existence of transition metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, W, Cd). Case characterization was performed by DFT method. The nature of covalent features for these complexes has represented the analogous energy amount and vision of the partial density of states between the p states of boron and nitrogen in B5N10-nc with and d states of Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, W, Cd in X↔ B5N10-nc complexes. Furthermore, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis indicated the notable peaks surrounding Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, W, Cd through the trapping in the B5N10-nc during atom detection and removal from soil; however, it can be seen some fluctuations in the chemical shielding treatment of isotropic and anisotropy tensors. Based on the results in this research, the selectivity of toxic metal, metalloid and nonmetal elements adsorption by B5N10-nc (atom sensor) have been indicated as: Cd˃ Zn˃ Fe˃ Cr˃ Mn ≈ W. In this article, it is proposed that toxic metal, metalloid and nonmetal elements–adsorbed might be applied to design and expand the optoelectronic specifications of B5N10-nc for generating photoelectric instruments toward soil purification.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatemeh Mollaamin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Impact of Thermal Reduction in an Hydrogen Stream on the Composition of Ferrocene Degradation Products
The gas-phase and solid products formed during the thermal reduction of ferrocene in a hydrogen flow in the temperature range of 373–1073 K were investigated. The identified gas-phase products include methane, ethane, propane, butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, and cyclopentadiene, while the solid products consist of nanosized particles of iron and carbon. The temperature dependences of the concentrations of the detected gas-phase products were obtained. It was shown that the formation of iron nanoparticles during the thermal decomposition of ferrocene in a hydrogen atmosphere proceeds with the simultaneous formation of metallic iron, iron carbide, and amorphous carbon. Their relative contents in the solid residue strongly depend on the reaction conditions. The nucleation process under hydrogen atmospheres occurs with the formation of smaller nuclei, which promotes a more intense formation and growth of nanoparticles. The composition of the solid residues can be controlled by varying the experimental parameters, such as reaction time, temperature, and iron precursor concentration. The magnetic properties of the resulting solid products may also be tuned through modulation of particle structure and phase composition.
Copyright (c) 2025 A.I. Rustamova, L.V. Huseynova, S.N. Osmanova, V.M. Ahmadov, E.H. Ismailov http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Manufacturing Polyurethane Slag from Composite using Polyol from Polyethylene Plastic Waste
This research aims to develop polyurethane foam using recycled PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) and HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) plastic bottles as substitutes for polyol. Waste PET bottles were recycled through a glycolysis process to produce BHET (bis(hydroxyethyl) terephthalate), utilized as a polyol substitute in polyurethane foam production. The foam was synthesized by reacting polyol with Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI), with variations in the composition of distilled water as a blowing agent, silicone as a surfactant, and steel slag (10%, 10%, 10%, and 60%) to enhance mechanical properties. Four polyurethane foam samples were tested, resulting in rigid, flexible, and semi-rigid foams, depending on the formulation. Sample 1 demonstrated a compressive strength of 0.225 MPa, Young's modulus of 0.0139 MPa, yield strength of 0.174 MPa, and density of 0.11 g/cm³. Sample 2 exhibited a compressive strength of 0.18 MPa, Young's modulus of 0.0109 MPa, yield strength of 0.117 MPa, and density of 0.06 g/cm³. Sample 3 had the lowest compressive strength (0.02 MPa), Young's modulus (0.00079 MPa), yield strength (0.0092 MPa), and density (0.09 g/cm³). Sample 4 recorded a compressive strength of 0.12 MPa, Young's modulus of 0.0116 MPa, yield strength of 0.0901 MPa, and density of 0.04 g/cm³. Sample 1 exhibited the highest mechanical performance, while Sample 3 showed the lowest. These results indicate that polyurethane foam with optimal compressive strength, Young's modulus, yield strength, density, and flexibility can be produced, meeting the requirements of SNI (Standar Nasional Indonesia) Standard 0111-2009 for shoe applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 S. Herbirowo, M. D. Mahendra, M.I. Maulana, A. Trenggono, U. M. R. Paturi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Catalyst-Assisted H2O2 Systems for Bacterial Disinfection of Wastewater: From UV/Visible Synergy to Electro-/Photo-Fenton Pathways
Hydrogen peroxide assisted advanced oxidation processes are pivotal for next-generation water treatment, yet progress is slowed by fragmented evidence, non-uniform metrics, and scale-up blind spots. This review consolidates mechanisms and performance across homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton and photo-Fenton catalysts, including Prussian blue analogues, MOF-derived oxides and carbons, and spinels, as well as peroxidase-like nanozymes, carbon co-catalysts, and photolytic UV/H₂O₂ and visible or solar routes. We harmonize conditions through a benchmarking scheme that combines energy per order, oxidant utilization efficiency, photon-normalized kinetics, mineralization selectivity, and durability with leaching tests. Kinetic mapping pinpoints limitations involving H₂O₂ activation versus self-scavenging, metal redox cycling, mass transfer, and pH or matrix effects from bicarbonate, halides, and natural organic matter. We address by-product control and safety through staged oxidant delivery, matrix-aware pretreatment, and in situ H₂O₂ generation in electro-Fenton systems. Screening techno-economic and life-cycle indicators delineates regimes where UV/H₂O₂ is favored, where solar photo-Fenton narrows the energy gap, and where photoelectrochemical architectures extend durability. From these insights we propose design rules for materials, reactors, and operation, and we outline reporting standards that couple photon accounting, stability protocols, and transparent cost and impact metrics to enable fair comparisons and faster translation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Viktor Husak, Volodymyr Shvadchak, Liubov Soltys http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Adsorption of proteins on carbon-based materials. Review
The adsorption of proteins on carbon-based materials is a complex and multifaceted process critical to applications in biotechnology, medicine, environmental science, and materials engineering. This review comprehensively examines the physicochemical mechanisms governing protein adsorption onto various carbon materials, including activated carbon, graphene, and graphene oxide. Emphasis is placed on the surface properties such as porosity, surface chemistry, wettability, and electric charge, as well as protein characteristics including size, structure, charge, and conformational dynamics. The influence of environmental factors – pH, ionic strength, and protein concentration – on adsorption behavior and protein layer formation is discussed. Special attention is given to the role of oxygen-containing functional groups on carbon surfaces and their impact on electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions. An overview of the analytical techniques used to study adsorption, including atomic force microscopy (AFM), circular dichroism (CD), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and spectroscopic methods is also provided. The review describes the role of protein adsorption onto carbon-based materials for their biomedical applications, namely, for implant biocompatibility and development of biosensors. Finally, a rapid growth in the number of works studying sorption on graphene oxide in recent years, as well as an increasing interest in its use for sensor development is highlighted.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iryna Prokipchuk, Ivan Myroniuk, Ihor Mykytyn, Hanna Vasylyeva http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Design and Optimization of Hybrid Thin-Film PV-TE Energy Conversion Systems
The modern development of renewable energy sources requires the improvement of energy conversion technologies for sustainable power supply. One of the most promising methods of generating electricity is the use of photovoltaic (PV) converters, which directly transform solar radiation into electricity. However, a major drawback of PV modules is their tendency to heat up, which leads to a decrease in output power. This paper presents a review of hybrid PV-TE systems consisting of photovoltaic modules, thermoelectric generators, and an intermediate heat-conducting layer. Such systems not only allow cooling of the photovoltaic cells but also provide additional electricity generation through the Seebeck effect, which converts a temperature gradient into a potential difference. The main design approaches were analyzed, in particular tandem configurations with thermal concentration and systems with spectral splitting. The main challenges for further system optimization were identified and reviewed. Specifically, these include issues of thermal management, the limited efficiency of commercial thermoelectric materials, and the electrical integration of two components with fundamentally different current-voltage characteristics (CVCs).
Copyright (c) 2025 L.O. Yavorska, Y.S. Yavorskyi, L.I. Nykyruy, R.S. Yavorskyi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/