HYBRYD THREATS IN TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS

Authors

  • L.G. Sarkisian Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Department of World Economy, Kyoto Str, 21, Kyiv, 76010
  • L. V. Samsonova Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Department of World Economy, 21 Kyoto Str, Kyiv, 76010

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15330/apred.2.16.62-76

Keywords:

hybrid war, restrictive measures, trade and economic relations, threats

Abstract

The article is devoted to the study of hybrid threats in trade and economic relations, which include strengthening protectionist and neo-protectionist measures in foreign trade, gaining control over investment flows, cyber-attacks on economic and infrastructural objects of the state-object of aggression in formulating and implementing foreign economic strategy by the aggressor state. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that in the last decade the nature of interstate conflicts has changed, which have become hybrid not only in the foreign policy sphere, but also in foreign trade. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological approaches to determining the role of hybrid threats in the formation of foreign economic policy.

The approaches to defining hybrid wars and their features as undermining the foundations of national security through political, economic, informational and other instruments and providing blurring of responsibilities on the one hand, and centralized and coordinated management on the other are systematized in the article. The peculiarities of hybrid aggression in Ukraine by the Russian Federation are determined, and its main manifestations in the foreign economic sphere are analyzed. The directions of hybrid threats realization in trade and economic relations are identified. The main types of trade restrictions that were used by the Russian Federation to increase the level of vulnerability of the economic system of Ukraine are studied. A critical analysis of trade interventions, including: tariff and non-tariff (anti-dumping measures, subsidies, phytosanitary requirements, etc.) restrictions, sanctions, financial measures, protection of intellectual property rights and others is made.

A timely and balanced foreign economic policy is reasonable to adopt for countering hybrid threats. The policy needs to be in line with the overall government strategy, and can therefore significantly mitigate and / or avoid the effects of aggressive action.

Author Biographies

L.G. Sarkisian, Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Department of World Economy, Kyoto Str, 21, Kyiv, 76010

Ph.D, Assoc.Prof.of the World Economy Department

L. V. Samsonova , Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Department of World Economy, 21 Kyoto Str, Kyiv, 76010

Ph.D, Professor Assistant of the World Economy Department

References

1. Yurchyshyn, V. Modern trade wars and their impact on economic growth and development in the world and in Ukraine, Kyiv, 2019.
2. Smith, Hanna. “Hybrid CoE Strategic Analysis 1: In the Era of Hybrid Threats: Power of the Powerful or Power of the ‘Weak’?” Hybrid CoE - The European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats, 10 Nov. 2020, www.hybridcoe.fi/publications/hybrid-coe-strategic-analysis-1-in-the-era-of-hybrid-threats-power-of-the-powerful-or-power-of-the-weak/. Accessed 30 Oct. 2020.
3. Shaw, Martin. “The Contemporary Mode of Warfare? Mary Kaldor's Theory of New Wars.” Review of International Political Economy, vol. 7, no. 1, 2000, pp. 171–180.
4. Arzumanian, R., & A.Bahdasarian. “Theory of war in XXI centuty.” XXI centuty, no. 3, 2011 .noravank, www.noravank.am/rus/jurnals/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=5889. Accessed 30 Oct. 2020.
5. Van Creveld Martin. La Transformation De La Guerre, 2015.
6. Hoffman, Frank. Conflict in the XXIst century: the rise of hybrid wars. Edition Potomac Institute for policy studies, 2007.
7. Dalton M. “Partners, Not Proxies: Capacity Building in Hybrid Warfare.” Center for Strategic and International Studies, www.csis.org/analysis/partners-not-proxies-capacity-building-hybrid-warfare. Accessed 30 Oct. 2020.
8. Honchar, M. Viiny - XXI: polihibresiia Rosii, 2017.
9. Pawlak, P. “Understanding hybrid threats. Briefing European Parliamentary Research Service.” European Parliamentary Research Service Blog, 23 June 2015, epthinktank.eu/2015/06/24/understanding-hybrid-threats/. Accessed 30 Oct. 2020.
10. Kotenko, A.O. “Hybrid war as a form of modern international conflict.” International relations, part “political sciences”, no. 13, 2017, pp. 1-10.
11. Horbulina, V. P. World Hybrid War: Ukrainian Front. Kiev,, 2017.
12. Gunneriusson, H. “Hybrid Warfare and Deniability as Understood by the Military.” Polish Political Science Yearbook. Researchgate, www.researchgate.net/publication/335985275_Hybrid_Warfare_and_Deniability_as_Understood_by_the_Military. Accessed 30 Oct. 2020.
13. Reichborn-Kjennerud, E. & Cullen, P. “What is Hybrid Warfare?” Policy Brief, no. 1, 2016. core, core.ac.uk/download/pdf/52131503.pdf. Accessed 13 Dec. 2020.
14. Hadzhiev, Boyan. “Enablers of Hybrid Warfare: The Bulgarian Case.” Journal of International Studies, vol. 13, no. 1, 2020, pp. 28–43. doi:10.14254/2071-8330.2020/13-1/2.
15. Hoffman, Frank. Conflict in the XXIst century: the rise of hybrid wars. Edition Potomac Institute for policy studies, 2007.
16. Robinson, Jana. “Paper for the 2018 Deterrence and Assurance Academic Alliance Conference “Thinking Outside the Silo: Creative Problem-Solving in Deterrence and Assurance” Cross-Domain Responses to Space Hybrid Provocations via Economic and Financial Statecraft.” 2018. Stratcom, www.stratcom.mil/Portals/8/Documents/AA_Proceedings/3.pdf?ver=2018-10-04-141147-287. Accessed 30 Oct. 2020.
17. Lessons of the hybrid decade: what you need to know to move forward successfully. DEA, dea.edu.ua/img/source/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F/Hybrid_10.pdf. Accessed 30 Oct. 2020.
18. Martyniuka, V. Hybrid threats to Ukraine and public safety. Experience of the EU and the Eastern Partnership. Kyiv, 2018. 106 s.
19. “Promoting Ukraine's capacity building to ensure the security of society in the face of hybrid threats. the results of the expert survey.” geostrategy, geostrategy.org.ua/images/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E.pdf. Accessed 30 Oct. 2020.
20. Kulytskyi, S. “The economic component of Russia's hybrid war against Ukraine.” Ukraina: podii, fakty, komentari, no. 20, 2016, pp. 44–57.
21. Statistics of the external sector of Ukraine according to the methodology of the 6th edition of the "Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual" (IMF, 2009). 2015-2019. NBU, bank.gov.ua/ua/statistic/sector-external/data-sector-external#1. Accessed 30 Oct. 2020.
22. “A list of the largest Russian assets in Ukraine has been compiled.” lb.ua, ukr.lb.ua/economics/2014/03/19/259973_sostavlen_spisok_krupneyshih.html. Accessed 30 Oct. 2020.
23. “Russian oil and gas business in Ukraine under cover: the role of Medvedchuk” (investigation). radiosvoboda, www.radiosvoboda.org/a/28523099.html. Accessed 30 Oct. 2020.
24. Agreement on regulation of supplies of certain types of steel pipes originating in Ukraine on the territory of the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/998_50. Accessed 30 Oct. 2020.
25. Boycott of Russian goods: pros and cons.” forbes. forbes.net.ua/ua/opinions/1368512-bojkot-rosijskih-tovariv-za-i-prot. Accessed 30 Oct. 2020.
26. “Trade blackmail: Russia's goal and prospects for relations.” glavcom, glavcom.ua/publications/121799-torgovij-shantazh-meta-rosiji-i-perspektivi-stosunkiv.htm. Accessed 30 Oct. 2020.
27. “The number of interventions in trade and economic relations between Ukraine and the Russian Federation. 2008-2022.” Globaltradealert, www.globaltradealert.org/. Accessed 13 Dec. 2020.
28. Pozhyvanov, M. “Chomu Ukraina prodovzhuie torhuvaty z rosiieiu?” blog.liga, blog.liga.net/user/mpozhyvanov/article/26788.aspx. Accessed 30 Oct. 2020.
29. “Statistics on Ukraine's foreign trade with other countries. 2014-2019.” Derzhavna sluzhba statystyky, www.ukrstat.gov.ua. Accessed 30 Oct. 2020.
30. Nebojsa, Nikolic. “Connecting Conflict Concepts: Hybrid Warfare and Warden’s Rings.” Information & Security: An International Journal, no.41, 2018, pp. 21-34. 10.11610/isij.4102.

Downloads

Published

2020-11-21

How to Cite

Sarkisian, . L., & Samsonova , L. V. (2020). HYBRYD THREATS IN TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS. The Actual Problems of Regional Economy Development, 2(16), 62–76. https://doi.org/10.15330/apred.2.16.62-76

Issue

Vol. 2 No. 16 (2020): THE ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF REGIONAL ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT

Section

International economic relations

License

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
    1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivs 4.0 Unported License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
    1. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  1. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access)