A correlation between formation of free radicals and double bonds conversion during photopolymerization by EPR and NIR study and complex systems theory approach

Authors

  • T.S. Kavetskyy Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine; Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K.D. Ushynsky, Odesa, Ukraine
  • O.I. Matskiv Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine
  • O. Šauša Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Nuclear Chemistry, FNS, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
  • H. Švajdlenková Department of Nuclear Chemistry, FNS, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
  • V.M. Soloviev South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K.D. Ushynsky, Odesa, Ukraine; Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, Kyiv, Ukraine
  • A.O. Bielinskyi State University of Economics and Technology, Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine; Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, Kyiv, Ukraine
  • A.V. Tuzhykov South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K.D. Ushynsky, Odesa, Ukraine
  • J. Ostrauskaite Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
  • A.E. Kiv South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K.D. Ushynsky, Odesa, Ukraine; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15330/pcss.27.2.299-309

Keywords:

photopolymerization, photodegradation, UV light, irradiation, polymers, composite, EPR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, structure, properties, complex systems theory

Abstract

The photopolymerization of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) and vanillin dimethacrylate (VDM) with a photoinitiator (2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone) (DMPA) is studied by using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy methods. A correlation between a concentration of free radicals deduced from EPR spectra and double bond conversion peak area deduced from NIR spectra as a function of UV-irradiation time for the investigated polymer composite is detected. The observed correlation is agreed well with the prediction of photopolymerization and photodegradation phenomena within a complex systems theory approach.

References

D.P. Královič, K. Cifraničová, O. Šauša, H. Švajdlenková, T. Kavetskyy, A. Kiv, The process of photopolymerization of acrylated soybean oil-based epoxides investigated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, Chemical Papers, 77, 7257 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-022-02607-0.

D.P. Královič, K. Cifraničová, H. Švajdlenková, D. Tóthová, O. Šauša, P. Kalinay, T. Kavetskyy, J. Ostrauskaite, O. Smutok, M. Gonchar, V. Soloviev, A. Kiv, Effect of aromatic rings in AESO-VDM biopolymers on the local free volume and diffusion properties of polymer matrix, Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 32, 2336 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-03097-1.

T. Kavetskyy, O. Zubrytska, M. Stievenard, O. Šauša, H. Švajdlenková, V. Soloviev, A. Bielinskyi, J. Ostrauskaite, A. Kiv, Complex network methods, PALS, ATR-FTIR and EPR study of photopolymerization, In: P. Petkov, M.E. Achour, C. Popov (Eds.), Nanotechnological Advances in Environmental, Cyber and CBRN Security. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics. Springer, Dordrecht, Chap. 19, 265 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2316-7_19.

T.S. Kavetskyy, O.V. Zubrytska, O.I. Matskiv, M. Stievenard, O. Šauša, H. Švajdlenková, V.M. Soloviev, A.O. Bielinskyi, J. Ostrauskaite, A.E. Kiv, Photopolymerization and photodegradation of polymers after long-term UV light exposure, Physics and Chemistry of Solid State, 26(4), 718 (2025); https://doi.org/10.15330/pcss.26.4.718-732.

F. Heylighen, Complexity and Self-organization, in M.J. Bates & M.N. Maack (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science (3rd ed.), Taylor & Francis, (2009); http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/PAPERS/ELIS-complexity.pdf.

I. Prigogine, I. Stengers, Order out of Chaos. Bantam Books, (1984).

G. Nicolis, I. Prigogine, Self-organization in Nonequilibrium Systems: From Dissipative Structures to Order through Fluctuations, Wiley, (1977).

D. Kondepudi, I. Prigogine, Modern thermodynamics: From heat engines to dissipative structures (2nd ed.). Wiley, (2014).

H. Haken, Information and Self-organization: A Macroscopic Approach to Complex Systems, Springer-Verlag, (2000).

C. Jarzynski, Nonequilibrium equality for free energy differences, Physical Review Letters, 78(14), 2690 (1997); https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2690.

G.E. Crooks, Entropy production fluctuation theorem and the nonequilibrium work relation for free energy differences, Physical Review E, 60(3), 2721 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.60.2721.

J.M.R. Parrondo, C. Van den Broeck, R. Kawai, Entropy production and the arrow of time, New Journal of Physics, 11, 073008 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/11/7/073008.

E. Ott, Chaos in Dynamical Systems (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, (2002).

M. Mitchell, Complexity: A Guided Tour, Oxford University Press, (2009).

D.L. Turcotte, J.B. Rundle, Self-organized complexity in the physical, biological, and social sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99 (1), 2463 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.012579399.

B.B. Mandelbrot, The Fractal Geometry of Nature, W.H. Freeman, (1982).

Y. Bar-Yam, Multiscale variety in complex systems, Complexity, 9(4), 37 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1002/cplx.20014.

C.N. Bowman, C.J. Kloxin, Toward an enhanced understanding and implementation of photopolymerization reactions, AIChE Journal, 54(11), 2775 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.11678.

C. Decker, Kinetic study and new applications of UV radiation curing, Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 23(18), 1067 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.200290014.

M. Lang, S. Hirner, F. Wiesbrock, P. Fuchs, A review on modeling cure kinetics and mechanisms of photopolymerization, Polymers, 14(10), 2074 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14102074.

A.K. O’Brien, C.N. Bowman, Modeling thermal and optical effects on photopolymerization systems, Macromolecules, 36(20), 7777 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1021/ma034070c.

K.S. Anseth, C.M. Wang, C.N. Bowman, Kinetic evidence of reaction diffusion during the polymerization of multi(meth)acrylate monomers, Macromolecules, 27(3), 650 (1994); https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00081a004.

H. Švajdlenková, O. Šauša, G. Peer, C. Gorsche, In situ investigation of the kinetics and microstructure during photopolymerization by positron annihilation technique and NIR-photorheology, RSC Advances, 8(65), 37085 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA07578F.

C. Decker, A.D. Jenkins, Kinetic approach of oxygen inhibition in ultraviolet- and laser-induced polymerizations, Macromolecules, 18(6), 1241 (1985); https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00148a034.

J.S. Young, C.N. Bowman, Effect of polymerization temperature and cross-linker concentration on reaction diffusion controlled termination, Macromolecules, 32(19), 6073 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1021/ma9902955.

P. Bak, C. Tang, K. Wiesenfeld, Self-organized criticality: An explanation of 1/f noise, Physical Review Letters, 59(4), 381 (1987); https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.381.

P. Bak, C. Tang, K. Wiesenfeld, Self-organized criticality, Physical Review A, 38(1), 364 (1988); https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.38.364.

S. Montserrat, F. Román, P. Colomer, Vitrification and dielectric relaxation during the isothermal curing of an epoxy-amine resin, Polymer, 44(1), 101 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00745-0.

A.E. Kiv, V.N. Soloviev, A.O. Bielinskyi, M.A. Slusarenko, T.S. Kavetskyy, O. Šauša, H. Švajdlenková, I.I. Donchev, N. Hoivanovych, L.I. Pankiv, O.V. Nykolaishyn, O.R. Mushynska, O.V. Zubrytska, A.V. Tuzhykov, M. Kushniyazova, Multifractal signatures of light-driven self-organization in acrylated epoxidized soybean oil polymers, Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 27(3), 366 (2024); https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo27.03.366.

L. Lacasa, A.M. Núñez, E. Roldán, J.M.R. Parrondo, B. Luque, Time series irreversibility: A visibility graph approach, The European Physical Journal B, 85, 217 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2012-20809-8.

J.H. Martínez, J.L. Herrera-Diestra, M. Chavez, Detection of time reversibility in time series by ordinal patterns analysis, Chaos, 28(12), 123111 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5055855.

C. Bandt, B. Pompe, Permutation entropy: A natural complexity measure for time series, Physical Review Letters, 88(17), 174102 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.174102.

M. Zanin, A. Rodríguez-González, E. Menasalvas Ruiz, D. Papo, Assessing time series reversibility through permutation patterns, Entropy, 20(9), 665 (2018); https://doi.org/10.3390/e20090665.

L. Lacasa, B. Luque, F. Ballesteros, J. Luque, J.C. Nuño, From time series to complex networks: The visibility graph, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(13), 4972 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0709247105.

B. Luque, L. Lacasa, F. Ballesteros, J. Luque, Horizontal visibility graphs: Exact results for random time series, Physical Review E, 80(4), 046103 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.80.046103.

L. Lacasa, R. Flanagan, Time reversibility from visibility graphs of nonstationary processes, Physical Review E, 92(2), 022817 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.92.022817.

J.F. Donges, R.V. Donner, J. Kurths, Testing time series irreversibility using complex network methods, Europhysics Letters, 102, 10004 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/102/10004.

H. Xiong, P. Shang, F. Hou, Y. Ma, Visibility graph analysis of temporal irreversibility in sleep electroencephalograms, Nonlinear Dynamics, 96(1), 1 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-019-04768-2.

Y. Li, J. Li, J. Liu, Y. Xue, Z. Cao, C. Liu, Variations of time irreversibility of heart rate variability under normobaric hypoxic exposure, Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 607356 (2021); https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.607356.

D. Zhao, X. Yang, W. Song, W. Zhang, D. Huang, Visibility graph analysis of the sea surface temperature irreversibility during El Niño events, Nonlinear Dynamics, 111, 17393 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-023-08762-7.

R. Flanagan, L. Lacasa, Irreversibility of financial time series: A graph-theoretical approach, Physics Letters A, 380(20), 1689 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2016.03.011.

B. Acosta-Tripailao, D. Pastén, P.S. Moya, Applying the horizontal visibility graph method to study irreversibility of electromagnetic turbulence in non-thermal plasmas, Entropy, 23(4), 470 (2021); https://doi.org/10.3390/e23040470.

M. Zanin, D. Papo, Algorithmic approaches for assessing irreversibility in time series: Review and comparison, Entropy, 23(11), 1474 (2021); https://doi.org/10.3390/e23111474.

A. Kiv, A. Bryukhanov, V. Soloviev, A. Bielinskyi, T. Kavetskyy, D. Dyachok, I. Donchev, V. Lukashin, Complex network methods for plastic deformation dynamics in metals, Dynamics, 3(1), 34 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/dynamics3010004.

A.B. Kousaalya, B. Ayalew, S. Pilla, Photopolymerization of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil: A photocalorimetry-based kinetic study, ACS Omega, 4(26), 21799 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b02680.

M. Lebedevaite, J. Ostrauskaite, E. Skliutas, M. Malinauskas, Photoinitiator free resins composed of plant-derived monomers for the optical µ-3D printing of thermosets, Polymers, 11(1), 116 (2019); https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11010116.

M. Bodor, A. Lasagabáster-Latorre, G. Arias-Ferreiro, M.S. Dopico-García, M.-J. Abad, Improving the 3D printability and mechanical performance of biorenewable soybean oil-based photocurable resins, Polymers, 16(7), 977 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16070977.

R. Saraswat, Shagun, A. Dhir, A., A.S.S. Balan, S. Powar, M. Doddamani, Synthesis and application of sustainable vegetable oil-based polymers in 3D printing, RSC Sustainability, 2(6), 1708 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1039/d4su00060a.

Y. Zhang, H. Zhang, X. Zhao, In-situ interferometric curing monitoring for digital light processing based vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing, Additive Manufacturing, 81, 104001 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2024.104001.

Downloads

Published

2026-06-22

How to Cite

Kavetskyy, T., Matskiv , O., Šauša , O., Švajdlenková , H., Soloviev , V., Bielinskyi , A., … Kiv , A. (2026). A correlation between formation of free radicals and double bonds conversion during photopolymerization by EPR and NIR study and complex systems theory approach. Physics and Chemistry of Solid State, 27(2), 299–309. https://doi.org/10.15330/pcss.27.2.299-309

Issue

Section

Scientific articles (Physics)

Most read articles by the same author(s)