A correlation between formation of free radicals and double bonds conversion during photopolymerization by EPR and NIR study and complex systems theory approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15330/pcss.27.2.299-309Keywords:
photopolymerization, photodegradation, UV light, irradiation, polymers, composite, EPR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, structure, properties, complex systems theoryAbstract
The photopolymerization of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) and vanillin dimethacrylate (VDM) with a photoinitiator (2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone) (DMPA) is studied by using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy methods. A correlation between a concentration of free radicals deduced from EPR spectra and double bond conversion peak area deduced from NIR spectra as a function of UV-irradiation time for the investigated polymer composite is detected. The observed correlation is agreed well with the prediction of photopolymerization and photodegradation phenomena within a complex systems theory approach.
References
D.P. Královič, K. Cifraničová, O. Šauša, H. Švajdlenková, T. Kavetskyy, A. Kiv, The process of photopolymerization of acrylated soybean oil-based epoxides investigated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, Chemical Papers, 77, 7257 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-022-02607-0.
D.P. Královič, K. Cifraničová, H. Švajdlenková, D. Tóthová, O. Šauša, P. Kalinay, T. Kavetskyy, J. Ostrauskaite, O. Smutok, M. Gonchar, V. Soloviev, A. Kiv, Effect of aromatic rings in AESO-VDM biopolymers on the local free volume and diffusion properties of polymer matrix, Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 32, 2336 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-03097-1.
T. Kavetskyy, O. Zubrytska, M. Stievenard, O. Šauša, H. Švajdlenková, V. Soloviev, A. Bielinskyi, J. Ostrauskaite, A. Kiv, Complex network methods, PALS, ATR-FTIR and EPR study of photopolymerization, In: P. Petkov, M.E. Achour, C. Popov (Eds.), Nanotechnological Advances in Environmental, Cyber and CBRN Security. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics. Springer, Dordrecht, Chap. 19, 265 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2316-7_19.
T.S. Kavetskyy, O.V. Zubrytska, O.I. Matskiv, M. Stievenard, O. Šauša, H. Švajdlenková, V.M. Soloviev, A.O. Bielinskyi, J. Ostrauskaite, A.E. Kiv, Photopolymerization and photodegradation of polymers after long-term UV light exposure, Physics and Chemistry of Solid State, 26(4), 718 (2025); https://doi.org/10.15330/pcss.26.4.718-732.
F. Heylighen, Complexity and Self-organization, in M.J. Bates & M.N. Maack (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science (3rd ed.), Taylor & Francis, (2009); http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/PAPERS/ELIS-complexity.pdf.
I. Prigogine, I. Stengers, Order out of Chaos. Bantam Books, (1984).
G. Nicolis, I. Prigogine, Self-organization in Nonequilibrium Systems: From Dissipative Structures to Order through Fluctuations, Wiley, (1977).
D. Kondepudi, I. Prigogine, Modern thermodynamics: From heat engines to dissipative structures (2nd ed.). Wiley, (2014).
H. Haken, Information and Self-organization: A Macroscopic Approach to Complex Systems, Springer-Verlag, (2000).
C. Jarzynski, Nonequilibrium equality for free energy differences, Physical Review Letters, 78(14), 2690 (1997); https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2690.
G.E. Crooks, Entropy production fluctuation theorem and the nonequilibrium work relation for free energy differences, Physical Review E, 60(3), 2721 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.60.2721.
J.M.R. Parrondo, C. Van den Broeck, R. Kawai, Entropy production and the arrow of time, New Journal of Physics, 11, 073008 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/11/7/073008.
E. Ott, Chaos in Dynamical Systems (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, (2002).
M. Mitchell, Complexity: A Guided Tour, Oxford University Press, (2009).
D.L. Turcotte, J.B. Rundle, Self-organized complexity in the physical, biological, and social sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99 (1), 2463 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.012579399.
B.B. Mandelbrot, The Fractal Geometry of Nature, W.H. Freeman, (1982).
Y. Bar-Yam, Multiscale variety in complex systems, Complexity, 9(4), 37 (2004); https://doi.org/10.1002/cplx.20014.
C.N. Bowman, C.J. Kloxin, Toward an enhanced understanding and implementation of photopolymerization reactions, AIChE Journal, 54(11), 2775 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.11678.
C. Decker, Kinetic study and new applications of UV radiation curing, Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 23(18), 1067 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.200290014.
M. Lang, S. Hirner, F. Wiesbrock, P. Fuchs, A review on modeling cure kinetics and mechanisms of photopolymerization, Polymers, 14(10), 2074 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14102074.
A.K. O’Brien, C.N. Bowman, Modeling thermal and optical effects on photopolymerization systems, Macromolecules, 36(20), 7777 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1021/ma034070c.
K.S. Anseth, C.M. Wang, C.N. Bowman, Kinetic evidence of reaction diffusion during the polymerization of multi(meth)acrylate monomers, Macromolecules, 27(3), 650 (1994); https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00081a004.
H. Švajdlenková, O. Šauša, G. Peer, C. Gorsche, In situ investigation of the kinetics and microstructure during photopolymerization by positron annihilation technique and NIR-photorheology, RSC Advances, 8(65), 37085 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA07578F.
C. Decker, A.D. Jenkins, Kinetic approach of oxygen inhibition in ultraviolet- and laser-induced polymerizations, Macromolecules, 18(6), 1241 (1985); https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00148a034.
J.S. Young, C.N. Bowman, Effect of polymerization temperature and cross-linker concentration on reaction diffusion controlled termination, Macromolecules, 32(19), 6073 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1021/ma9902955.
P. Bak, C. Tang, K. Wiesenfeld, Self-organized criticality: An explanation of 1/f noise, Physical Review Letters, 59(4), 381 (1987); https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.381.
P. Bak, C. Tang, K. Wiesenfeld, Self-organized criticality, Physical Review A, 38(1), 364 (1988); https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.38.364.
S. Montserrat, F. Román, P. Colomer, Vitrification and dielectric relaxation during the isothermal curing of an epoxy-amine resin, Polymer, 44(1), 101 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00745-0.
A.E. Kiv, V.N. Soloviev, A.O. Bielinskyi, M.A. Slusarenko, T.S. Kavetskyy, O. Šauša, H. Švajdlenková, I.I. Donchev, N. Hoivanovych, L.I. Pankiv, O.V. Nykolaishyn, O.R. Mushynska, O.V. Zubrytska, A.V. Tuzhykov, M. Kushniyazova, Multifractal signatures of light-driven self-organization in acrylated epoxidized soybean oil polymers, Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 27(3), 366 (2024); https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo27.03.366.
L. Lacasa, A.M. Núñez, E. Roldán, J.M.R. Parrondo, B. Luque, Time series irreversibility: A visibility graph approach, The European Physical Journal B, 85, 217 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2012-20809-8.
J.H. Martínez, J.L. Herrera-Diestra, M. Chavez, Detection of time reversibility in time series by ordinal patterns analysis, Chaos, 28(12), 123111 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5055855.
C. Bandt, B. Pompe, Permutation entropy: A natural complexity measure for time series, Physical Review Letters, 88(17), 174102 (2002); https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.174102.
M. Zanin, A. Rodríguez-González, E. Menasalvas Ruiz, D. Papo, Assessing time series reversibility through permutation patterns, Entropy, 20(9), 665 (2018); https://doi.org/10.3390/e20090665.
L. Lacasa, B. Luque, F. Ballesteros, J. Luque, J.C. Nuño, From time series to complex networks: The visibility graph, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(13), 4972 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0709247105.
B. Luque, L. Lacasa, F. Ballesteros, J. Luque, Horizontal visibility graphs: Exact results for random time series, Physical Review E, 80(4), 046103 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.80.046103.
L. Lacasa, R. Flanagan, Time reversibility from visibility graphs of nonstationary processes, Physical Review E, 92(2), 022817 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.92.022817.
J.F. Donges, R.V. Donner, J. Kurths, Testing time series irreversibility using complex network methods, Europhysics Letters, 102, 10004 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/102/10004.
H. Xiong, P. Shang, F. Hou, Y. Ma, Visibility graph analysis of temporal irreversibility in sleep electroencephalograms, Nonlinear Dynamics, 96(1), 1 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-019-04768-2.
Y. Li, J. Li, J. Liu, Y. Xue, Z. Cao, C. Liu, Variations of time irreversibility of heart rate variability under normobaric hypoxic exposure, Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 607356 (2021); https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.607356.
D. Zhao, X. Yang, W. Song, W. Zhang, D. Huang, Visibility graph analysis of the sea surface temperature irreversibility during El Niño events, Nonlinear Dynamics, 111, 17393 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-023-08762-7.
R. Flanagan, L. Lacasa, Irreversibility of financial time series: A graph-theoretical approach, Physics Letters A, 380(20), 1689 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2016.03.011.
B. Acosta-Tripailao, D. Pastén, P.S. Moya, Applying the horizontal visibility graph method to study irreversibility of electromagnetic turbulence in non-thermal plasmas, Entropy, 23(4), 470 (2021); https://doi.org/10.3390/e23040470.
M. Zanin, D. Papo, Algorithmic approaches for assessing irreversibility in time series: Review and comparison, Entropy, 23(11), 1474 (2021); https://doi.org/10.3390/e23111474.
A. Kiv, A. Bryukhanov, V. Soloviev, A. Bielinskyi, T. Kavetskyy, D. Dyachok, I. Donchev, V. Lukashin, Complex network methods for plastic deformation dynamics in metals, Dynamics, 3(1), 34 (2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/dynamics3010004.
A.B. Kousaalya, B. Ayalew, S. Pilla, Photopolymerization of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil: A photocalorimetry-based kinetic study, ACS Omega, 4(26), 21799 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b02680.
M. Lebedevaite, J. Ostrauskaite, E. Skliutas, M. Malinauskas, Photoinitiator free resins composed of plant-derived monomers for the optical µ-3D printing of thermosets, Polymers, 11(1), 116 (2019); https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11010116.
M. Bodor, A. Lasagabáster-Latorre, G. Arias-Ferreiro, M.S. Dopico-García, M.-J. Abad, Improving the 3D printability and mechanical performance of biorenewable soybean oil-based photocurable resins, Polymers, 16(7), 977 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16070977.
R. Saraswat, Shagun, A. Dhir, A., A.S.S. Balan, S. Powar, M. Doddamani, Synthesis and application of sustainable vegetable oil-based polymers in 3D printing, RSC Sustainability, 2(6), 1708 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1039/d4su00060a.
Y. Zhang, H. Zhang, X. Zhao, In-situ interferometric curing monitoring for digital light processing based vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing, Additive Manufacturing, 81, 104001 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2024.104001.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 T.S. Kavetskyy, O.I. Matskiv , O. Šauša , H. Švajdlenková , V.M. Soloviev , A.O. Bielinskyi , A.V. Tuzhykov, J. Ostrauskaite , A.E. Kiv

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.




