EMOTIONAL INTELLECT AND SPORT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15330/fcult.35.64-78Keywords:
emotional intelligence, athletes, coaches, physical activityAbstract
Introduction.The competitive nature of the sport and stressful conditions cause each athlete to have
different emotions that can affect athletic performance and each sport has special physical characteristics that
require special skills for athletes. A large body of research has emphasized the importance of EI for forecasting
in all areas of life. Therefore, it is not surprising that interest in EI in sports has also grown significantly. The
purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of sports and physical activity on the development of EI, its
features among athletes of various sports and coaches. Methods. To achieve this goal, theoretical methods have
been used: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction. Results. A significant relationship was found between
physical activity and various components of EI in children, adolescents, and students. Age and gender are the
key moderators of this relationship: on the basis of gender, girls have more emotional intelligence than boys.
Analysis of EI in athletes showed certain differences in the level of EI in athletes of individual and team sports,
but there was no significant difference in this indicator for athletes of various qualifications. A trainer who is
able to regulate his own emotions perceives the motivations of his athletes and this understanding affects the
performance of the athletes. Conclusions. The analysis of scientific works in general has shown the importance
of emotional intelligence for the successful activities of athletes, coaches, leaders of sports clubs, but given the
heterogeneity of research results, there is a need for further research on this issue. At the same time, it is
necessary to improve the methodology of these studies, taking into account the specifics of different types of
sports activities.
Keywords: emotional intelligence, athletes, coaches, physical activity.
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adolescence: evidence for specificity. Pers Individ Dif. 2012; 52(1): 100–5.
33. Devonport T, Lane AM, Hanin YL. Emotional States of Athletes Prior to Performance-Induced Injury.
J Sports Sci Med. 2005; 4(4): 382-94.
34. Hanin YL. Emotions in sport: Current issues and perspectives. In: Tenenbaum G., Eklund R., editors.
Handbook of Sport Psychology. Wiley & Sons; New York, NY, USA. 2007; 3: 22-41.
35. Hwang S, Deborah L, Feltz, Jeong-Dae L. Emotional intelligence in coaching: Mediation effect of coaching
efficacy on the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership style. International Journal of
Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2013; 11(3): 292-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2013. 763489.
36. Kajbafnezhad H, Ahadi H, Heidarie AR, Askari P, Enayati M. Difference between team and individual
sports with respect to psychological skills, overall emotional intelligence and athletic success motivation in
Shiraz city athletes.J. Phys. Educ. Sport. 2011; 11: 249–254.
37. Kopp A, Darko J. The Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Performance in Competitive Sports: A Meta-
Analytical Investigation Sports. 2018; 6(4): 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6040.
38. Laborde S, Min Y, Dosseville F, Agnès S. Culture, individual differences, and situation: Influence on
coping in French and Chinese table tennis player. European Journal of Sport Science.2012;12(3):255-261.
39. Laborde S, Dosseville F, Allen MS. Emotional intelligence in sport and exercise: A systematic review.
Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 2016; 26: 862-874.
40. Laborde S, Dosseville F, Guillén F, Chávez E. Validity of the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire in
sports and its links with performance satisfaction. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2014; 15: 481-490.
41. Laborde S, Guillén F, Mosley E. Positive personality-trait-like individual differences in athletes from
individual- and team sports and in non-athletes. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2016; 26: 9-13. Doi:
10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.05.009.
42. Laborde S, Guillén F, Watson M. Trait emotional intelligence questionnaire full-form and short-form
versions: Links with sport participation frequency and duration and type of sport practiced. Personal.
Individ. Di er. 2017; 108: 5-9.
43. Laborde S, Lautenbach F, Allen MS, Herbert C, Achtzehn S. The role of trait emotional intelligence in
emotion regulation and performance under pressure. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 2014; 57: 43-47.
44. Ladino PK, Gonzalez-Correa CH, Gonzalez-Correa CA, Caicedo JC. Ejercicio físico e inteligencia
emocional en un grupo de estudiantes universitarias. Rev Iberoam Psicol Del Ejerc Y El Deport. 2016;
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Francis. 2011: 79-101.
47. Lavega P, Costes A, Prat Q. Educar competencias emocionales en futuros profesores de Educación Física.
Revista Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado. 2015; 83: 61-73.
48. Lea RG, Davis SK, Mahoney B, Qualter P.. Does Emotional Intelligence Buffer the Effects of Acute
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49. Lee H, Hagen Wäsche, Darko Jekauc. Analyzing the Components of Emotional Competence of Football
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10.3390/sports6040123.
50. Lee YH. Emotional intelligence, servant leadership, and development goal orientation in athletic Directors.
Sport Management Review. June 2019; 22(3): 395-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.05.003
51. Louvet B, and Campo M. Do high emotional intelligent soccer referees better cope with competitive
stressors? Mov Sport Sci/Sci Мot. 2019; 105: 17-26. Doi: org/10.1051/sm2019013.
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professional practice in sport psychology. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 2007; 19: 1-15.
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Mood and Human Performance: Conceptual, Measurement, and Applied Issues; Lane, A.M., Ed.; Nova
Science Publishers, Inc. New York, NY, USA, 200: 131-152.
55. Myers N, Park SE, Ahn S, Lee S, Sullivan P, Feltz D. Proposed sources of coaching efficacy: a metaanalysis.
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65. Sánchez-Álvarez N, Extremera N, Fernández-Berrocal P. The relation between emotional intelligence and
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66. Schlaerth A, Ensari N, Christian J. A meta-analytical review of the relationship between emotional intelligence
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68. Shuk-Fong G, Ting W, Hua H. Development of a Chinese emotional intelligence inventory and its
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adolescence: evidence for specificity. Pers Individ Dif. 2012; 52(1): 100-5.
33. Devonport T, Lane AM, Hanin YL. Emotional States of Athletes Prior to Performance-Induced Injury. J
Sports Sci Med.2005; 4(4): 382-94.
34. Hanin YL. Emotions in sport: Current issues and perspectives. In: Tenenbaum G., Eklund R., editors.
Handbook of Sport Psychology. Wiley & Sons; New York, NY, USA. 2007; 3: 22-41.
35. Hwang S, Deborah L, Feltz, Jeong-Dae L. Emotional intelligence in coaching: Mediation effect of coaching
efficacy on the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership style. International Journal of
Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2013; 11(3): 292-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2013. 763489.
36. Kajbafnezhad H, Ahadi H, Heidarie AR, Askari P, Enayati M. Difference between team and individual
sports with respect to psychological skills, overall emotional intelligence and athletic success motivation in
Shiraz city athletes.J. Phys. Educ. Sport.2011; 11: 249-254.
37. Kopp A, Darko J. The Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Performance in Competitive Sports: A Meta-
Analytical Investigation Sports. 2018; 6(4): 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6040.
38. Laborde S, Min Y, Dosseville F, Agnès S. Culture, individual differences, and situation: Influence on
coping in French and Chinese table tennis player. European Journal of Sport Science.2012; 12(3): 255-261.
39. Laborde S, Dosseville F, Allen MS. Emotional intelligence in sport and exercise: A systematic
review. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 2016; 26: 862-874.
40. Laborde S, Dosseville F, Guillén F, Chávez E. Validity of the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire in
sports and its links with performance satisfaction. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2014; 15: 481-490.
41. Laborde S, Guillén F, Mosley E. Positive personality-trait-like individual differences in athletes from
individual- and team sports and in non-athletes. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2016; 26: 9-13. Doi.10.1016/
j.psychsport.2016.05.009.
42. Laborde S, Guillén F, Watson M. Trait emotional intelligence questionnaire full-form and short-form
versions: Links with sport participation frequency and duration and type of sport practiced. Personal.
Individ. Di er. 2017; 108: 5-9.
43. Laborde S, Lautenbach F, Allen MS, Herbert C, Achtzehn S. The role of trait emotional intelligence in
emotion regulation and performance under pressure. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 2014; 57: 43-47.
44. Ladino PK, Gonzalez-Correa CH, Gonzalez-Correa CA, Caicedo JC. Ejercicio físico e inteligencia
emocional en un grupo de estudiantes universitarias. Rev Iberoam Psicol Del Ejerc Y El Deport. 2016;
11(1): 31-6.
45. Lane AM, Meyer BB, Devonport TJ, Davies KA, Thelwell R, Gill GS et al. Validity of the emotional
intelligence scale for use in sport. J. Ssports Sci med. 2009 jun 1; 8(2): 289-95.
46. Lane AM, Beedie C, Devonport T J. Measurement issues in emotion and emotion regulation. In
J. Thatcher, M. Jones, & D. Lavallee (Eds.), Coping and Emotion in Sport. (2nd ed). London: Taylor &
Francis. 2011: 79-101.
47. Lavega P, Costes A, Prat Q. Educar competencias emocionales en futuros profesores de Educación Física.
Revista Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado 2015; 83: 61–73.
48. Lea RG, Davis SK, Mahoney B, Qualter P.. Does Emotional Intelligence Buffer the Effects of Acute
Stress? A Systematic Review. Front Psychol. 2019; 10: 810. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00810.
49. Lee H, Hagen Wäsche, Darko Jekauc. Analyzing the Components of Emotional Competence of Football
Coaches: A Qualitative Study from the Coaches’ Perspective. Sports (Basel). 2018 Dec; 6(4): 123.
Doi: 10.3390/sports6040123.
50. Lee YH. Emotional intelligence, servant leadership, and development goal orientation in athletic Directors.
Sport Management Review.June 2019;22(3):395-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.05.003
51. Louvet B, and Campo M. Do high emotional intelligent soccer referees better cope with competitive
stressors? Mov Sport Sci/Sci Мot. 2019; 105: 17-26. Doi: 10.1051/sm2019013.
52. Mayer JD, Salovey P, Caruso D, Sternberg R. Models of emotional intelligence. Handbook of Intelligence.
Cambridge: Cambridge.University Press. 2000; 396-420.
53. Meyer BB, Fletcher TB. Emotional intelligence: A theoretical overview and implications for research and
professional practice in sport psychology. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 2007; 19: 1–15.
54. Meyer BB, Zizzi S. Emotional intelligence in sport: Conceptual, methodological, and applied issues.
In Mood and Human Performance: Conceptual, Measurement, and Applied Issues; Lane, A.M., Ed.; Nova
Science Publishers, Inc. New York, NY, USA, 200: 131-152.
55. Myers N, Park SE, Ahn S, Lee S, Sullivan P, Feltz D. Proposed sources of coaching efficacy: a metaanalysis.
Educ. Psychol. Stud. 2017; 39: 261–276. Doi: 10.1123/jsep.2017-0155.
56. Mayer J, Salovey P, Caruso D. Emotional intelligence: Theory, Findings, and Implications. Psychological
Inquiry. 2004; 15(3): 197-215.
57. Mayer JD, Salovey P. What is emotional intelligence? In: Salovey P, Sluyter D, editors. Emotional
Development and Emotional Intelligence: Implications for Educators. Basic Books; New York, NY, USA:
1997: 3–31.
58. Olusoga P, Butt J, Maynard I, Hays K. Stress and coping: A study of world class coaches. J. Appl. Sport
Psychol. 2010; 22: 274-293. Doi: 10.1080 / 10413201003760968.
59. Olusoga P, Maynard I, Butt J, Hays K. Coaching under pressure: mental skills training for sports
coaches. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 2014. Rev. 10: 31-4.
60. Perera HN, DiGiacomo M. The relationship of trait emotional intelligence with academic performance:
A meta-analytic review. Learn. Individ. Differ. 2013; 28: 20–33.
61. Perlini AH, Halverson TR. Emotional intelligence in the National Hockey League. Can. J. Behav.
Sci. 2006; 38: 109-1199. Doi: 10.1037/cjbs2006001.
62. Petrides K.V. Trait Emotional Intelligence Theory. Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 2010; 3:
136-139.
63. Salguero JM, Extremera N, Fernandez-Berrocal P. Emotional intelligence and depression: the moderator
role of gender. Pers Individ Dif. 2012; 53(1): 29-32.
64. Salovey P, Mayer JD. Emotional intelligence. Imaging Cognit. Personal. 1990; 9: 185–211. Doi:
10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG.
65. Sánchez-Álvarez N, Extremera N, Fernández-Berrocal P. The relation between emotional intelligence and
subjective well-being: A meta-analytic investigation.J. Posit. Psychol. 2015; 11: 276-285.
66. Schlaerth A, Ensari N, Christian J. A meta-analytical review of the relationship between emotional
intelligence and leaders’ constructive conflict management. Group Process. Intergroup Relat. 2013; 16:
126-136.
67. Sebire SJ, Jago R, Fox KR, Edwards MJ, Thompson JL. Testing a self-determination theory model of
children’s physical activity motivation: A cross-sectional study. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2013; 10: 1.
68. Shuk-Fong G, Ting W, Hua H. Development of a Chinese emotional intelligence inventory and its
association with physical activity. In: Di Fabio PA, editor. Emotional intelligence – new perspectives and
applications. Department of Athletic Sports: National Chung Cheng University. 2012: 195–214.
69. Solanki D, Lane AM. Relationships between exercise as a mood regulation strategy and trait emotional
intelligence. Asian J. Sports Med. 2010; 1: 195.
70. Sukys S, Tilindienė I, Cesnaitiene VJ, Kreivyte R Does Emotional Intelligence Predict Athletes’ Motivation
to Participate in Sports? Percept Mot Skills. 2019 Apr; 126(2): 305-322. Doi: 10.1177/
0031512518825201.
71. Suriá-Martínez R, Ortigosa Quiles JM, Riquelme Marin A. Emotional Intelligence Profiles of University
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