Synthesis, Challenges, and Application Potential of Copper Ferrite Nanoparticles

Editorial Board PCSS Journal; J. Mazurenko; L. Turovska; M. Moklyak; L. Kaykan; V. Moklyak

doi:10.15330/pcss.27.2.284-298

Authors

J. Mazurenko Laboratory for Physics of Magnetic Films, G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics, N.A.S. of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of General Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Medical Informatics, Medical and Biological Physics, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
L. Turovska Department of Management and Business Administration, Faculty of Management, Vasyl Stefanyk Сarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
M. Moklyak Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Ivano–Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ivano–Frankivsk, Ukraine
L. Kaykan Laboratory for Physics of Magnetic Films, G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics, N.A.S. of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
V. Moklyak G. V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Ivano–Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ivano–Frankivsk, Ukraine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0174-7718

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15330/pcss.27.2.284-298

Keywords:

Spinel ferrites, Copper ferrite nanoparticles, Water purification, Photocatalysis, EMI shielding, Magnetic recovery and reuse, Green synthesis

Abstract

Ferrites are ferrimagnetic iron-oxide–based materials whose magnetic and functional properties are governed by cation distribution, defects, and microstructure, all of which are strongly affected by synthesis. This review focuses on spinel copper ferrite (CuFe₂O₄) nanoparticles, emphasizing how synthesis-controlled structure determines multifunctional performance. Particular attention is given to the coexistence and stabilization of tetragonal and cubic CuFe₂O₄ phases, the role of Jahn–Teller distortion of Cu²⁺, and the influence of oxygen nonstoichiometry, cation redistribution, and surface disorder in the nanoscale regime. The most widely used chemical routes – co-precipitation, hydrothermal/solvothermal synthesis, and sol–gel (including autocombustion) – are discussed with respect to their ability to control phase purity, crystallinity, particle size, morphology, and defect chemistry. The structure–property framework is then linked to key application domains covered in this work: visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of dyes, adsorption-based removal of pollutants, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, electromagnetic interference shielding/microwave attenuation, and functional sensing platforms. Finally, practical limitations are summarized, including reproducibility of cation/defect states, phase stability, performance degradation, and regeneration, highlighting the need for standardized evaluation protocols and rational materials design for scalable, reusable CuFe₂O₄-based technologies.

References

P.J. van der Zaag, Ferrites, Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 3033 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1016/b0–08–043152–6/00542–8.

S.R. Daf et al., Effects of synthesis methods on the structural and magnetic properties of Mg0.2Ni0.6Zn0.2Fe2O4 spinel ferrite, Journal of Crystal Growth, 660, 128157 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2025.128157.

B. Süngü Mısırlıoğlu et al., Enhanced dielectric properties of copper substituted nickel ferrite nanoparticles for energy storage applications, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 193, 112195 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2024.112195.

A. A. Shati et al., Functionalization of porous silica with graphene oxide and polyethyleneimine, containing zinc copper ferrite nanoparticles for water treatment and antibacterial application, Environmental Pollution, 348, 123745 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123745.

V. L. Savithri Vatsalya et al., Studies on nano crystalline copper doped Nickel Zinc ferrites for optoelectronic applications, Journal of Luminescence, 252, 119314 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2022.119314.

X. Qian et al., Unlocking the value of Copper and Aluminum Foils from Spent Lithium–ion Batteries, Energy Storage Materials, 104309 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104309.

N. Alghamdi et al., Structural, magnetic and toxicity studies of ferrite particles employed as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging thermometry, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 497, 165981 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.165981.

M.A. A. El–Khair et al., Harvesting the synergistic effect of CuFe2O4@Ni–MOF nanomagnetic photocatalyst for enhanced visible light–driven green hydrogen production, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 101, 280 – 294 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.449.

J.C. Navarro et al., Spinel ferrite catalysts for CO2 reduction via reverse water gas shift reaction, Journal of CO2 Utilization, 68, 102356 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102356.

S. Bhagat et al., Harnessing synergy: Immobilized Cu(II) and Pd(II) species on magnetic silica–coated copper ferrite for A3 and Sonogashira coupling reactions, Applied Surface Science, 687, 162264 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.162264.

T. Wang et al., In–situ surface reconstruction of BiVO4/CuFe2O4 photoanode for efficient and robust solar water oxidation, Chemical Engineering Journal, 509, 161333 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.161333.

K. S. Muthuvelu et al., A novel method for improving laccase activity by immobilization onto copper ferrite nanoparticles for lignin degradation, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 152, 1098 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.198.

C. Zhu et al., Fabrication of temozolomide–loaded polydopamine–coated copper ferrite clocked bovine serum albumin nanoparticles delivery for glioma cancer and induction of apoptosis mechanism, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 106, 106642 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2025.106642.

M. Ismael, M. Wark, A simple sol – gel method for the synthesis of Pt co–catalyzed spinel–type CuFe2O4 for hydrogen production; the role of crystallinity and band gap energy, Fuel, 359, 130429 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130429.

M. P. Ghosh et al., Copper doped nickel ferrite nanoparticles: Jahn–Teller distortion and its effect on microstructural, magnetic and electronic properties, Materials Science and Engineering: B, 263, 114864 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2020.114864.

A. Kyono et al., High–pressure behavior of cuprospinel CuFe2O4: Influence of the Jahn–Teller effect on the spinel structure, American Mineralogist, 100(8 – 9), 1752 (2015); https://doi.org/10.2138/am–2015–5224.

I. Nedkov et al., Magnetic structure and collective Jahn – Teller distortions in nanostructured particles of CuFe2O4, Applied Surface Science, 253(5), 2589 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.05.049.

E. Kester et al., Valence states of copper in copper ferrite spinels CuxFe3−xO4 (0 < x ≤ 1) fine powders: Evidence of copper insertion, Thermochimica Acta, 297(1 – 2), 71 (1997); https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040–6031(97)00123–8.

J. Z. Jiang et al., Magnetic properties of nanostructured CuFe2O4, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 11(20), 4063 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1088/0953–8984/11/20/313.

M. M. Rashad et al., Magnetic and catalytic properties of cubic copper ferrite nanopowders synthesized from secondary resources, Advanced Powder Technology, 23(3), 315 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2011.04.005.

E. E. Ateia et al., Novelty characterization and enhancement of magnetic properties of Co and Cu nanoferrites, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 28(1), 241 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854–016–5517–y.

M. Rahimi–Nasrabadi et al., Nanocrystalline Ce–doped copper ferrite: synthesis, characterization, and its photocatalyst application, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 27(11), 11691 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854–016–5305–8.

A. R. Chavan et al., Effect of Zr4+ dopants on micro-structural and antibacterial characteristics of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles produced via sol-gel auto combustion, Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 116, 434 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-025-06730-8.

L. Khanna et al., Effect of size and silica coating on structural, magnetic as well as cytotoxicity properties of copper ferrite nanoparticles, Materials Science and Engineering: C, 97, 552 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.051.

L. B. Zakiyah et al., Up–scalable synthesis of size–controlled copper ferrite nanocrystals by thermal treatment method, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 40, 564 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.07.027.

M. Á. Cobos et al., Ball milling and annealing effect in structural and magnetic properties of copper ferrite by ceramic synthesis, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1006, 176206 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.176206.

J. Mazurenko et al., Inductive Heating Behavior of Copper Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles, Physics and Chemistry of Solid State, 26(2), 312 (2025); https://doi.org/10.15330/pcss.26.2.312-321.

M.M. Rashad et al., Investigation of the structural, optical and magnetic properties of CuO/CuFe2O4 nanocomposites synthesized via simple microemulsion method, Ceramics International, 41(9), 12237 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.06.046.

J. E. Tasca et al., Preparation and characterization of CuFe2O4 bulk catalysts, Ceramics International, 37(3), 803 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2010.10.023.

T. G. Altincekic et al., Synthesis and characterization of CuFe2O4 nanorods synthesized by polyol route, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 493(1 – 2), 493 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.12.140.

F. S. M. Sinfrônio et al., Effect of Co–substitution on the Vibrational, Magnetic, and Dielectric Properties of Copper Ferrites Obtained by Microwave–Assisted Hydrothermal Method, Journal of Electronic Materials, 47(11), 6821 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664–018–6598–6.

E. Manova et al., Nanosized copper ferrite materials: Mechanochemical synthesis and characterization, Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 184(5), 1153 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2011.03.035.

P. Thakur et al., A review on MnZn ferrites: Synthesis, characterization and applications, Ceramics International, 46(10), 15740 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.03.287.

C. Sedrati et al., Structure and magnetic properties of nickel ferrites synthesized by a facile co–precipitation method: effect of the Fe/Ni ratio, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 32(19), 24548 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854–021–06932–0.

Y. Peng et al., Effect of reaction condition on microstructure and properties of (NiCuZn)Fe2O4 nanoparticles synthesized via co–precipitation with ultrasonic irradiation, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 71, 105369 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105369.

C. R. Kalaiselvan et al., Manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanostructures for cancer theranostics, Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 473, 214809 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214809.

S. Liu et al., Preparation, surface functionalization and application of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 281, 102165 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2020.102165.

M. R. Zamani Kouhpanji, B. J. H. Stadler, A Guideline for Effectively Synthesizing and Characterizing Magnetic Nanoparticles for Advancing Nanobiotechnology: A Review, Sensors, 20(9), 2554 (2020); https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092554.

G. Rana et al., Recent advances on nickel nano–ferrite: A review on processing techniques, properties and diverse applications, Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 175, 182 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2021.08.040.

M. Vishwas et al., Synthesis, characterization and photo–catalytic activity of magnetic CoFe2O4 nanoparticles prepared by temperature controlled co–precipitation method, Materials Today: Proceedings, 68, 497 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.07.429.

B. Paz-Díaz et al., ZnFe2O4 and CuFe2O4 Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Characterization, and Bactericidal Application, Journal of Cluster Science, 34(1), 111 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-021-02203-4.

M. Weißpflog et al., Non–Stoichiometric Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles by Green Hydrothermal Synthesis and their Potential for Hyperthermia Applications, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 128(37), 15598 – 15612 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c03589.

R. S. Melo et al., Hydrothermal synthesis of nickel doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: optical and magnetic properties, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 29(17), 14657 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854–018–9602–2.

M. Hatefi et al., Evaluation of the impact of hydrothermal synthesis parameters of CuFe2O4/CeO2-MgO catalysts in water-gas shift reaction, Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 218, 350 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2025.05.004.

A. Zeleňáková et al., Cobalt-ferrite nano-cubes for magnetic hyperthermia applications, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 989, 174415 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.174415.

M. Hodlevska et al., Hydrothermally synthesized NiFe2O4/rGO composites: structure, morphology and electrical conductivity, Applied Nanoscience, 13(7), 5199 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-022-02741-x.

F. Majid et al., Effect of Hydrothermal Reaction Time on Electrical, Structural and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Ferrite, Zeitschrift Für Physikalische Chemie, 234(2), 323 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2019-1423.

S. Sheshmani, N. Mohammad Hosseini, Engineered Heterostructure Photocatalyst: Chitosan-Coated Chromium Ferrite/Graphite Oxide Synthesized Hydrothermally for Environmental Remediation, Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 33(2), 794 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03433-z.

L. S. Kaykan et al., Effect of Nickel Ions Substitution on the Structural and Electrical Properties of a Nanosized Lithium-iron Ferrite Obtained by the Sol-gel Auto-combustion Method, Journal of Nano- and Electronic Physics, 11(5), 05041 (2019); https://doi.org/10.21272/jnep.11(5).05041.

B. K. Ostafiychuk et al., Effect of substitution on the mechanism of conductivity of ultra dispersed lithium - iron spinel, substituted with magnesium ions, Journal of Nano- and Electronic Physics, 9(5), 05018 (2017); https://doi.org/10.21272/jnep.9(5).05018.

J. Mazurenko et al., Optimizing the structural, morphological, and dielectric properties of copper ferrite through magnesium substitution, Applied Physics A, 131(9), (2025); https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-025-08741-2.

J. Mazurenko et al., Enhanced Synthesis of Copper Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles via Polymer-Assisted Sol-Gel Autocombustion Method for Magnetic Hyperthermia Applications, Journal of Nano Research, 84, 95 (2024); https://doi.org/10.4028/p-jbv1le.

N. Sanpo, Solution Precursor Plasma Spray System, SpringerBriefs in Materials, 1, 3 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1007/978–3–319–07025–4_1.

S. Kanagesan et al., Evaluation of Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Activities of Copper Ferrite (CuFe2O4) and Zinc Ferrite (ZnFe2O4) Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol–Gel Self–Combustion Method, Applied Sciences, 6(9), 184 (2016); https://doi.org/10.3390/app6090184.

T. P. Oliveira et al., Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Investigation of CuFe2O4 for the Degradation of Dyes under Visible Light, Catalysts, 12(6), 623 (2022); https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12060623.

I. G. Jhala et al., Structural and magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by auto–combustion sol–gel method, Next Materials, 9, 101120 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2025.101120.

M. S. Al Maashani et al., The structural and magnetic properties of the nano-CoFe2O4 ferrite prepared by sol-gel auto-combustion technique, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 817, 152786 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152786.

M. H. Nasr et al., Synthesis, structural, electrical and magnetic characteristics of Co–Cd spinel nano ferrites synthesized via sol-gel auto combustion method, Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 116(1), 34 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-024-06327-7.

R. Dudhal et al., Role of pH on the Structural and Infrared Properties of Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles Prepared via Sol-Gel Auto Combustion Method, Advanced Materials Research, 1169, 15 (2022); https://doi.org/10.4028/p-1pbj14.

R. B. Sathe et al., Studies on sol–gel autocombustion processed Ni–Zn–Mg ferrite system: effect of calcination temperature, thermoelectric power, and gas sensing application, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 35(27), (2024); https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-13466-8.

S. V. Bhandare et al., Annealing temperature dependent structural and magnetic properties of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles grown by sol-gel auto-combustion method, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 433, 29 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.02.040.

V.D. Phung et al., Co-precipitated synthesis of CuFe2O4/CuO composite: A promising anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries, Ceramics International, (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.07.040.

K. Razzaq et al., Improvement in catalytic performance of CuFe2O4/PANI nanocomposite for robust water splitting, Electrochimica Acta, 537, 146810 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146810.

Y. Hong et al., Effects of the phase transition on the photoelectrochemical properties of CuFe2O4 composite photoelectrode, Optik, 318, 172095 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2024.172095.

M. Mokliak et al., Influence of Neodymium Doping on the Thermomagnetic Response and Colloidal Behavior of Copper Ferrite Nanoparticles, Physics and Chemistry of Solid State, 26(3), 564 (2025); https://doi.org/10.15330/pcss.26.3.564-577.

F. Heydari et al., Solvothermal synthesis of polyvinyl pyrrolidone encapsulated, amine-functionalized copper ferrite and its use as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent, PLOS ONE, 20(2), e0316221 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316221.

H. Lahmar et al., Photocatalytic Evolution of Hydrogen on CuFe2O4, Springer Proceedings in Energy, 129 – 136 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6595-3_18.

J. Mazurenko et al., Photocatalytic efficiency of nickel-doped copper ferrite in organic dye decomposition, Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects, 45, 101603 (2026); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101603.

A. Akbar et al., Magnetically recoverable biogenic CuFe2O4 nanoparticles for sustainable catalytic degradation of organic dyes, Journal of Water Process Engineering, 79, 108871 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.108871.

Z. Irshad et al., Phyto‐mechanochemical Synthesis of Copper Ferrite Nanoparticles: Structural, Magnetic, Photocatalytic, and Antibacterial Properties, ChemistrySelect, 10(8), (2025); https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202405145.

M. Kamel Attar Kar et al., Structural, Optical, and Isothermic Studies of CuFe2O4 and Zn‐Doped CuFe2O4 Nanoferrite as a Magnetic Catalyst for Photocatalytic Degradation of Direct Red 264 Under Visible Light Irradiation, Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 38(4), (2019); https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13109.

N. M. Patil et al., Synthesis of CuFe2O4 Nanoparticles for Applications in Biodiesel Production and Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye, Iranian Journal of Catalysis, 15(3), (2025); https://doi.org/10.57647/j.ijc.2025.1503.32.

D. Zala, A. Ray, Synthetically modified mixed phase inverse spinel CuFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles: Structure, physical, and electrochemical properties for photocatalytic applications, Physica B: Condensed Matter, 699, 416770 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2024.416770.

M. Giridhar et al., Sustainable approach of La doped CuFe2O4 nanomaterial for electrochemical lead and paracetamol sensing action with multiple applications, Scientific Reports, 13(1), (2023); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45029-y.

S. Tahir et al., The synergistic effect of g-C3N4/GO/CuFe2O4 for efficient sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 22(6), 4829 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05929-6.

Y. Lin et al., Catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol by g-C3N4/CuFe2O4 magnetic nanocomposites, Optical Materials, 157, 116070 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2024.116070.

E. A. Afshar, M. A. Taher, New fabrication of CuFe2O4/PAMAM nanocomposites by an efficient removal performance for organic dyes: Kinetic study, Environmental Research, 204, 112048 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112048.

S. Hassan et al., CuFe2O4/Polyaniline (PANI) Nanocomposite for the Hazard Mercuric Ion Removal: Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Properties Study, Molecules, 25(12), 2721 (2020); https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122721.

I. Othman et al., Facile Preparation of Magnetic CuFe2O4 on Sepiolite/GO Nanocomposites for Efficient Removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from Aqueous Solution, ACS Omega, 8(42), 38828 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c02006.

A. H. Kamel et al., Synthesis and Characterization of CuFe2O4 Nanoparticles Modified with Polythiophene: Applications to Mercuric Ions Removal, Nanomaterials, 10(3), 586 (2020); https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10030586.

R. Ramadan, M. M. El-Masry, Effect of (Co and Zn) doping on structural, characterization and the heavy metal removal efficiency of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles, Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society, 60(2), 509 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1007/s41779-023-00932-5.

Y. Xia et al., Magnetically separable CuFe2O4/ZnIn2S4 heterojunction photocatalyst for simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) and CIP, Journal of Cleaner Production, 434, 140445 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140445.

K. Derkaoui et al., Spinel ferrites MFe2O4 (M = Cu, Ni, Mn) as noble-metal-free electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution: Highlighting the superior activity of CuFe2O4, Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 102(12), 102234 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2025.102234.

C. Van Tran et al., Self-assembly of porphyrin nanofiber on the surface CuFe2O4 nanoparticles: A novel photoanode for enhanced photo-electrochemical water splitting, Fuel, 380, 133196 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133196.

Z. Lin et al., In situ construction of CuFe2O4/CuO heterojunction photocathode for improved solar water splitting, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1042, 184174 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.184174.

J. T. Orasugh, S. S. Ray, Functional and Structural Facts of Effective Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Materials: A Review, ACS Omega, 8(9), 8134 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c05815.

S. Zecchi et al., A Comprehensive Review of Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Composite Materials, Micromachines, 15(2), 187 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15020187.

V. Shukla, Review of electromagnetic interference shielding materials fabricated by iron ingredients, Nanoscale Advances, 1(5), 1640 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1039/c9na00108e.

A. Radoń et al., Dielectric and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of high entropy (Zn,Fe,Ni,Mg,Cd)Fe2O4 ferrite, Scientific Reports, 9(1), (2019); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56586-6.

S. Keykavous-Amand, R. Peymanfar, Fabrication of clay soil/CuFe2O4 nanocomposite toward improving energy and shielding efficiency of buildings, Scientific Reports, 11(1), (2021); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00347-x.

O. Yakovenko et al., Electrodynamic properties of epoxy composites enhanced with nanosized ferrite fillers, Ceramics International, 51(21), 34234 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.05.151.

J. Liu et al., Self-assembled MoS2/magnetic ferrite CuFe2O4 nanocomposite for high-efficiency microwave absorption, Chemical Engineering Journal, 429, 132253 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132253.

X. Feng et al., Innovative preparation of Co@ CuFe2O4 composite via ball-milling assisted chemical precipitation and annealing for glorious electromagnetic wave absorption, International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, 30(3), 559 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2488-2.

Z. Sun et al., Simple synthesis of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles as gas-sensing materials, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 125(1), 144 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2007.01.050.

M. A. Haija et al., Adsorption and gas sensing properties of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles, Materials Science-Poland, 37(2), 289 (2019); https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2019-0020.

S. Vinothini et al., CuFe2O4 Nanofiber Incorporated with a Three-Dimensional Graphene Sheet Composite Electrode for Supercapacitor and Electrochemical Sensor Application, Inorganics, 12(6), 164 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12060164.

P. H. Phuoc et al., Heterojunction-enhanced H2S sensing mechanism in on-chip NiFe2O4–CuFe2O4 nanofiber sensors, Ceramics International, 52(1), 398 (2026); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.11.337.